Metasurface design for determination of protein concentration in enzymatic reaction mixture

In the paper a standard multiwell plate structure was utilized to determine the concentration of human serum albumin in water solutions and enzymatic reaction mixtures. This study marks the first application of the multiwell plate structure as a resonant metasurface unit cell through numerical simulation using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. By adjusting the operating parameters of the proposed multiwell plate (MWP) metasurface, resonance phenomena within the microwave range could be observed. The complex permittivity (CP) values of the tested solutions, obtained experimentally using the microwave dielectrometry method, were employed for the MWP metasurface modelling. The correspondence between the resonance frequency shifts of the MWP metasurface and the changes in CP values of the tested solutions was demonstrated. For the convenience of the protein concentration determination, the concentration calibration graph was proposed. Our approach enables the detection of protein concentration in the reaction mixture after 60 minutes duration of the enzymatic reaction course. The study demonstrated the customization of metasurface dimensions to enable interaction with electromagnetic waves at specific frequencies. The availability of standard multiwell plates in different sizes allows for testing solutions across various frequency ranges

Whispering-gallery modes in shielded hemispherical dielectric resonators

The results of the numerical and experimental investigations of whispering-gallery (WG) modes in shielded hemispherical dielectric resonators are presented in this paper. It is shown that the Q factor of WG modes in the shielded resonator can be ten times much higher than the Q factor of the similar open hemispherical dielectric-resonator modes. Shielding the resonator can decrease the dimensions of both the dielectric hemisphere and resonator as a whole, saving the high-Q factor of WG modes. The usage of a cylindrical shield and local flat reflectors in the experiment provides the investigation of the high-Q factor of WG modes in the resonator

Розробка метаповерхні для визначення концентрації білка в ензиматичній реакційній суміші

In the paper a standard multiwell plate structure was utilized to determine the concentration of human serum albumin in water solutions and enzymatic reaction mixtures. This study marks the first application of the multiwell plate structure as a resonant metasurface unit cell through numerical simulation using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. By adjusting the operating parameters of the proposed multiwell plate (MWP) metasurface, resonance phenomena within the microwave range could be observed. The complex permittivity (CP) values of the tested solutions, obtained experimentally using the microwave dielectrometry method, were employed for the MWP metasurface modelling. The correspondence between the resonance frequency shifts of the MWP metasurface and the changes in CP values of the tested solutions was demonstrated. For the convenience of the protein concentration determination, the concentration calibration graph was proposed. Our approach enables the detection of protein concentration in the reaction mixture after 60 minutes duration of the enzymatic reaction course. The study demonstrated the customization of metasurface dimensions to enable interaction with electromagnetic waves at specific frequencies. The availability of standard multiwell plates in different sizes allows for testing solutions across various frequency ranges.У роботі використано стандартну структуру багатолункового планшета для визначення концентрації сироваткового альбуміну людини у водних розчинах та ензиматичних реакційних сумішах. Це дослідження являє собою перше застосування структури багатолункового планшета як резонансної метаповерхневої комірки за допомогою чисельного моделювання з використанням програмного забезпечення COMSOL Multiphysics. Регулюючи робочі параметри запропонованої метаповерхні багатолункового планшета, можна було спостерігати резонансні явища в мікрохвильовому діапазоні. Значення комплексної діелектричної проникності досліджуваних розчинів, отримані експериментально за допомогою методу мікрохвильової діелектрометрії, були використані для моделювання метаповерхні. Продемонстровано відповідність між зсувами резонансної частоти метаповерхні та змінами значень комплексної діелектричної проникності досліджуваних розчинів. Для визначення концентрації білка запропоновано калібрувальний графік концентрації. Наш підхід дозволяє визначати концентрацію білка в реакційній суміші після 60-хвилинного перебігу ензиматичної реакції. Дослідження продемонструвало можливість налаштування розмірів метаповерхні для забезпечення взаємодії з електромагнітними хвилями на певних частотах. Наявність стандартних багатолункових планшетів різних розмірів дозволяє тестувати розчини в різних частотних діапазонах

Portable and non-invasive blood glucose monitoring over a prolonged period using whispering gallery modes at 2.4 GHz

Invasive measurement of blood glucose is not appropriate for everyone, particularly the patients with leukemia. Here, we demonstrate how the blood glucose can be non-invasively monitored over a prolonged period in the absence of any expensive equipment. Method: A portable and non-invasive glucose sensor capable of monitoring blood glucose at real-time has been successfully constructed and tested in the absence of any vector network analyzer. Using vacuum suction, the sensor head of the proposed non-invasive glucose sensor forms a whispering gallery resonator out of a skin tissue on an arm during the measurement process. The architecture of the proposed glucose sensor is equipped with standard components, including a WiFi transmitter, an RSSI sensor and a microcontroller based computer display. Results: Using the proposed glucose sensor, a healthy volunteer has been his blood glucose levels monitored over 72 minutes after consuming a loaf of bread and a cup of cow milk. The measured blood glucose rose shortly after the meal until it peaked at 40 minutes and finally fell to the initial value at around 72 minutes. Conclusion: The overall results were in general consistent with the expected results. The proposed glucose sensor is expected to be instrumental for the individuals who dislike the traditional lancets