A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum

This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.

A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum

This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.

Formal investigation report Access to craft subjects in school curricula in A. West Glamorgan primary schools; B. West Glamorgan secondary schools

3.50SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:GPC/00427 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Towards equality A casebook of decisions on sex discrimination and equal pay 1976-1988

10.00Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3794.50425(EOC--275/2K/03/89) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

The key to real choice An action plan for childcare; discussion paper

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:q91/09414(Key) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Towards the goal of equality

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:1244.528(2001-2002) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

From policy to practice An equal opportunities strategy for the 1990s

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:GPC-00453 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Women and men in Britain 1991

9.95Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:9343.2714(1991) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

So you think you've got it right. Further guidance for equal opportunity employers with special reference to internal advertising

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:3794.5042(EOC--197) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Keeping in touch with teaching How to use the career break to prepare for your return

3.75Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:OP-89/EOC(Keeping) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo