Influence of initial conditions on absolute and relative dispersion in semi-enclosed basins

Absolute and relative dispersion are fundamental quantities employed in order to assess the mixing strength of a basin. There exists a time scale called Lagrangian Integral Scale associated to absolute dispersion that highlights the occurrence of the transition from a quadratic dependence on time to a linear dependence on time. Such a time scale is commonly adopted as an indicator of the duration needed to lose the influence of the initial conditions. This work aims to show that in a semi-enclosed basin the choice of the formulation in order to calculate the absolute dispersion can lead to different results. Moreover, the influence of initial conditions can persist beyond the Lagrangian Integral Scale. Such an influence can be appreciated by evaluating absolute and relative dispersion recursively by changing the initial conditions. Furthermore, finite-size Lyapunov exponents characterize the different regimes of the basin

Resurgence of Sleeping Sickness in Tambura County, Sudan

Endemic foci of human African trypanosomiasis are present in southern Sudan. In 1996 and 1997, trypanosomiasis increased sharply in Tambura County. To define the magnitude and geographic distribution of the outbreak, we conducted a prevalence survey using population-based cluster sampling in 16 villages: 1,358 participants answered questions about routine activities and tsetse fly contact and received serologic testing. Seroprevalence in the surveyed area was 19.4% (95% confidence interval = 16.9%, 21.8%). We confirmed infection in 66% of seropositive persons who received one parasitologic examination and in 95% of those who had serial examinations of lymph node fluid and blood. Activities related to the civil war, such as temporary migration, were not associated with seropositive status. Since the previous population screening in 1988, the trypanosomiasis prevalence increased two orders of magnitude, and the proportion of villages affected increased from 54% to 100%. Our results suggest that there may be 5,000 cases in Tambura County. The absence of trypanosomiasis control for nearly a decade is a factor in the resurgence of the disease

Seismotectonic and geologic characterization of the february 1999 Mb: 4,8 Mula earthquake using geological data, seismological data and RADAR interferometry (INSAR)

La secuencia sísmica de Mula (Murcia) iniciada el 2 de Febrero de 1999 con un terremoto máximo de Mb: 4,8 alcanzó una intensidad MSK máxima de VI-VII causando numerosos daños materiales. Los datos sismológicos existentes hasta la fecha, y concretamente la profundidad hipocentral y los mecanismos focales difieren de forma significativa en función del método de cálculo usado. En este trabajo se ha utilizado una técnica novedosa como es la interferometría de RADAR (INSAR) con el fin de identificar posibles deformaciones superficiales asociadas el terremoto que ayuden a identificar la fuente sismogenética. La combinación de los resultados obtenidos con esta técnica unidos a los datos geológicos de superficie apunta, como fuente más probable, a la reactivación de la falla de Crevillente con una componente de desgarre importante y con un epicentro somero (profundidad inferior a 10 km).The 1999 Mula (Murcia) seismic sequence started in February 2nd with a Mb: 4.8 mainshock, that reached a MSK intensity VI-VII. This earthquake produced significant economic losses in the region. The seismological data available to date give different focal mechanisms and different focal depths depending on the applied method. In this work we used a modern technique as RADAR interferometry (INSAR) with the aim to identify coseismic surface displacements linked with the Mula earthquake. The correlation of the results from RADAR interferometry with geological data support a reactivation of the Crevillente fault, with a high strike-slip component and a shallow hipocenter (less than 10 km), as the more likely seismic source.Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y PaleontologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEEspaña. Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologíapu

Incidence and prognosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with covid-19: A multicenter study

The primary objective of this multicenter, observational, retrospective study was to assess the incidence rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in intensive care units (ICU). The secondary objective was to assess predictors of 30-day case-fatality of VAP. From 15 February to 15 May 2020, 586 COVID-19 patients were admitted to the participating ICU. Of them, 171 developed VAP (29%) and were included in the study. The incidence rate of VAP was of 18 events per 1000 ventilator days (95% confidence intervals [CI] 16–21). Deep respiratory cultures were available and positive in 77/171 patients (45%). The most frequent organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27/77, 35%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18/77, 23%). The 30-day case-fatality of VAP was 46% (78/171). In multivariable analysis, septic shock at VAP onset (odds ratio [OR] 3.30, 95% CI 1.43–7.61, p = 0.005) and acute respiratory distress syndrome at VAP onset (OR 13.21, 95% CI 3.05–57.26, p < 0.001) were associated with fatality. In conclusion, VAP is frequent in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The related high fatality is likely the sum of the unfavorable prognostic impacts of the underlying viral and the superimposed bacterial diseases

Shared Agency with Parents for Educational Goals: Ethnic Differences and Implications for College Adjustment

This study proposed and confirmed three ways in which college students can perceive shared agency and two ways in which they can perceive non-shared agency with parents when pursuing educational goals in college. Differences and similarities were examined among participants from four ethnic backgrounds (N = 515; 67% female): East Asian American, Southeast Asian American, Filipino/Pacific Islander American, and European American. Results indicated that Asian American youth reported higher levels of non-shared agency with parents (i.e., parental directing and noninvolvement), lower levels of shared agency (i.e., parental accommodation, support, or collaboration), and poorer college adjustment compared to European Americans. However, ethnic similarities were found whereby perceived shared agency in education with parents was associated with college adjustment. Multiple mediation analyses also indicated that our model of shared and non-shared agency with parents explained differences in college adjustment between Asian and European Americans, though more strongly for comparisons between European and East Asian Americans. Our results suggest that parents continue to be important in the education of older youth but that continued directing of youth’s education in college can be maladaptive

Memoria del Mapa Geológico de España, Escala 1:50.000, 2ª Serie, 1ª Edición, (MAGNA), Hoja Nº 198, Osorno

Se introducen los enlaces a los archivos originales que están en la página web del IGMEPeer reviewe

The need to belong, perceived social support, and loneliness in Filipino college students

This research was guided by the Need to Belong theory which states that all individuals have a need for belongingness and are motivated to form relationships that are lasting, positive, and significant. While all possess this need, the difference lies in the strength of the desire for belonging where some need only a few relationships to satisfy them whereas others require more. This quantitative study proposed that perceived social support buffers the effect of the Need to Belong on loneliness in Filipino college students (N=129) given that social support has been identified to produce positive outcomes. This study hypothesized that higher perceived social support weakened the impact of need to belong such that a high need to belong will not yield high loneliness with higher perceived social support. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses of the study. Results showed that perceived social support does not significantly buffer the relationship between the two and therefore does not moderate the relationship although there is a significant path with the specific dimension of family support

Eulerian spectrum of finite-time Lyapunov exponents in compound channels

Fluid flows reveal a wealth of structures, such as vortices and barriers to transport. Usually, either an Eulerian or a Lagrangian frame of reference is employed in order to detect such features of the flow. However, the two frameworks detect structures that have different properties. Indeed, common Eulerian diagnostics (Hua-Klein and Okubo-Weiss criterion) employed in order to detect vortices do not always agree with Lagrangian diagnostics such as finite-time Lyapunov exponents. Besides, the former are Galilean-invariant whereas the latter is objective. However, both the Lagrangian and the Eulerian approaches to coherent structure detection must show some links under any inertial-frame. Compound channels flows have been accurately studied in the past, both from a Lagrangian and an Eulerian point of view. The features detected do not superimpose: Eulerian vortices do not coincide with barriers to transport. The missing link between the two approaches is here recovered thanks to a spectral analysis