Competition and regulation in telecommunications industry

La industria de las telecomunicaciones ha sido considerada durante mucho tiempo como un monopolio natural y regulado. Sin embargo, con el desarrollo de la tecnología y los cambios de perspectiva en las teorías económicas, poco queda de la caracterización como monopolio natural en este sector. La moderna industria de las telecomunicaciones presenta las notas de efecto de red, dinamismo, convergencia y mutabilidad. El mercado de las telecomunicaciones requiere tanto desregulación como liberalización para mejorar la eficiencia, la innovación y, por último, para incrementar la protección del consumidor. La experiencia desreguladora de los Estados Unidos y de la Unión Europea constituye un buen ejemplo para los países que están en proceso de abrir el mercado de telecomunicaciones, como sucede en China. Igualmente, la implementación de un Derecho de la competencia como el de la UE debería ser el modelo para la reforma de la industria de las telecomunicaciones en China. Por una parte, el Derecho de la competencia debe aplicarse para controlar los comportamientos anticoncurrenciales en el sector chino de las telecomunicaciones y debe crearse una agencia reguladora específica para el sector que garantice un acceso leal al mercado y una estructura equilibrada. Por otra parte, al resolver los conflictos entre la normativa de la competencia y la ordenación del sector, debe otorgarse preferencia a la primera sobre la segunda al inicio del proceso liberalizador.Telecommunications industry had been seen as natural monopoly industry and regulated for a long time. However, with the development of technologies and the change of the view of economy theories, this industry remains little feature of natural monopoly. And modern telecommunications industry exhibits the characteristics of network effect, dynamic, convergence and sensitivities. Telecom market requires both deregulation and liberalization to improve the efficiency, innovation, and ultimately to enhance consumer welfare. The experience of deregulation in the United States and the European Union can be taken as a good example for the countries who are in the progress of opening the telecom market, such as China. Especially, the implementation of the EU competition law will provide the enlightenment for reform of telecommunications industry in China. On one hand, competition law should be applied to adjust the anti-competitive behaviors in Chinese telecom industry and independent sector-specific regulatory agency should be established to ensure fair market access and balanced market structure. On the other hand, in dealing with the conflicts between competition law and sector-specific regulation, at the beginning of liberalization, competition law should be taken precedence over the regulatory policy

Competition and regulation in telecommunications industry

La industria de las telecomunicaciones ha sido considerada durante mucho tiempo como un monopolio natural y regulado. Sin embargo, con el desarrollo de la tecnología y los cambios de perspectiva en las teorías económicas, poco queda de la caracterización como monopolio natural en este sector. La moderna industria de las telecomunicaciones presenta las notas de efecto de red, dinamismo, convergencia y mutabilidad. El mercado de las telecomunicaciones requiere tanto desregulación como liberalización para mejorar la eficiencia, la innovación y, por último, para incrementar la protección del consumidor. La experiencia desreguladora de los Estados Unidos y de la Unión Europea constituye un buen ejemplo para los países que están en proceso de abrir el mercado de telecomunicaciones, como sucede en China. Igualmente, la implementación de un Derecho de la competencia como el de la UE debería ser el modelo para la reforma de la industria de las telecomunicaciones en China. Por una parte, el Derecho de la competencia debe aplicarse para controlar los comportamientos anticoncurrenciales en el sector chino de las telecomunicaciones y debe crearse una agencia reguladora específica para el sector que garantice un acceso leal al mercado y una estructura equilibrada. Por otra parte, al resolver los conflictos entre la normativa de la competencia y la ordenación del sector, debe otorgarse preferencia a la primera sobre la segunda al inicio del proceso liberalizador.Telecommunications industry had been seen as natural monopoly industry and regulated for a long time. However, with the development of technologies and the change of the view of economy theories, this industry remains little feature of natural monopoly. And modern telecommunications industry exhibits the characteristics of network effect, dynamic, convergence and sensitivities. Telecom market requires both deregulation and liberalization to improve the efficiency, innovation, and ultimately to enhance consumer welfare. The experience of deregulation in the United States and the European Union can be taken as a good example for the countries who are in the progress of opening the telecom market, such as China. Especially, the implementation of the EU competition law will provide the enlightenment for reform of telecommunications industry in China. On one hand, competition law should be applied to adjust the anti-competitive behaviors in Chinese telecom industry and independent sector-specific regulatory agency should be established to ensure fair market access and balanced market structure. On the other hand, in dealing with the conflicts between competition law and sector-specific regulation, at the beginning of liberalization, competition law should be taken precedence over the regulatory policy

Competition and regulation in telecommunications industry /

La industria de las telecomunicaciones ha sido considerada durante mucho tiempo como un monopolio natural y regulado. Sin embargo, con el desarrollo de la tecnología y los cambios de perspectiva en las teorías económicas, poco queda de la caracterización como monopolio natural en este sector. La moderna industria de las telecomunicaciones presenta las notas de efecto de red, dinamismo, convergencia y mutabilidad. El mercado de las telecomunicaciones requiere tanto desregulación como liberalización para mejorar la eficiencia, la innovación y, por último, para incrementar la protección del consumidor. La experiencia desreguladora de los Estados Unidos y de la Unión Europea constituye un buen ejemplo para los países que están en proceso de abrir el mercado de telecomunicaciones, como sucede en China. Igualmente, la implementación de un Derecho de la competencia como el de la UE debería ser el modelo para la reforma de la industria de las telecomunicaciones en China. Por una parte, el Derecho de la competencia debe aplicarse para controlar los comportamientos anticoncurrenciales en el sector chino de las telecomunicaciones y debe crearse una agencia reguladora específica para el sector que garantice un acceso leal al mercado y una estructura equilibrada. Por otra parte, al resolver los conflictos entre la normativa de la competencia y la ordenación del sector, debe otorgarse preferencia a la primera sobre la segunda al inicio del proceso liberalizador.Telecommunications industry had been seen as natural monopoly industry and regulated for a long time. However, with the development of technologies and the change of the view of economy theories, this industry remains little feature of natural monopoly. And modern telecommunications industry exhibits the characteristics of network effect, dynamic, convergence and sensitivities. Telecom market requires both deregulation and liberalization to improve the efficiency, innovation, and ultimately to enhance consumer welfare. The experience of deregulation in the United States and the European Union can be taken as a good example for the countries who are in the progress of opening the telecom market, such as China. Especially, the implementation of the EU competition law will provide the enlightenment for reform of telecommunications industry in China. On one hand, competition law should be applied to adjust the anti-competitive behaviors in Chinese telecom industry and independent sector-specific regulatory agency should be established to ensure fair market access and balanced market structure. On the other hand, in dealing with the conflicts between competition law and sector-specific regulation, at the beginning of liberalization, competition law should be taken precedence over the regulatory policy

Analytics for Metabolic Engineering

Realizing the promise of metabolic engineering has been slowed by challenges related to moving beyond proof-of-concept examples to robust and economically viable systems. Key to advancing metabolic engineering beyond trial-and-error research is access to parts with well-defined performance metrics that can be readily applied in vastly different contexts with predictable effects. As the field now stands, research depends greatly on analytical tools that assay target molecules, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites across different hosts and pathways. Screening technologies yield specific information for many thousands of strain variants while deep omics analysis provide a systems-level view of the cell factory. Efforts focused on a combination of these analyses yield quantitative information of dynamic processes between parts and the host chassis that drive the next engineering steps. Overall, the data generated from these types of assays aid better decision-making at the design and strain construction stages to speed progress in metabolic engineering research

Portable heart monitoring system

Coronary heart diseases are one of the most common causes of fatality. Most heart attacks occur as a result of these coronary heart diseases. The need for a precautionary device that is able to monitor a person\u27s critical vital signs arises. Portable Heart Monitoring System is able to arise to such demands. The device monitors the wearer\u27s critical vital signs such as electrocardiograph, heart rate and body temperature. Physiological limits of normal heart rate and temperature values are set into the device in order to recognize the normality of the vital signs being acquired. In the event that values exceed the physiological limits set into the device, an alarm is automated to sound to be able to alert the wearer as well as the people around him of the abnormal vital signs being experienced. ECG cables embedded into a vest worn by the wearer so that ECG signals would have more stability with the ECG cables decreased mobility. Three electrodes in contact with the wearer\u27s torso are used to detect the electrocardiograph signals. The heart rate is then taken from computation of the distance between R-peaks of the electrocardiograph signals. The temperature is taken with the LM35 in contact with the wearer\u27s armpits. A Z8 Encore Microcontroller processes the data and converts the signal to be fit for output on a LCD touch screen incorporated into the device. The device\u27s display shows the ECG signal, updated every 3 seconds, the heart rate computed from the ECG signals and the real-time reading of the body temperature of the wearer. The device is able to display monitoring-quality ECG signals with consistency, showing noticeable peaks used by doctors for study and diagnosis. The digital thermometer and heart rate monitor is capable of achieving an accuracy of up to 98.170% with a confidence level of 95% alarm component is sensitive to triggers and is activated immediately when preset limits are exceeded