Etnicidades en movimiento. (Re)presentaciones identitarias en un contexto global. Los peul mbororo, entre Camerún y Europa

[spa] Esta tesis presenta una etnografía multisituada, complementada por una aproximación a la etnografía virtual, que explora las conexiones que se establecen entre de la comunidad mbororo en Camerún y aquellos/as mbororo que, después de iniciar un trayecto migratorio transnacional, actualmente residen en Europa, siendo éste un fenómeno bastante reciente entre la sociedad mbororo. Para poder relacionar experiencias entre Camerún y Europa, se ha propuesto una lectura desde un marco interseccional, dando cuenta de variabilidad de categorías sociales que determinan la configuración de experiencias de la identidad, y ahondando en una perspectiva que rompa con retóricas esencialistas entorno a la etnicidad. Los pastores mbororo de Camerún han sido reconocidos como población indígena en base a los criterios establecidos por la Comisión Africana de los Derechos Humanos y de los Pueblos, órgano dependiente de la Unión Africana, siguiendo los principios de la Convención 169 de la OIT y la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas. Paralelamente, los mbororo forman parte del gran bloque etnolingüístico peul, presente en toda la zona sudano-saheliana, y desde Mauritania hasta República Centroafricana. De este modo la identificación como pueblo indígena en Camerún, en contraste con otros grupos peul presentes en el país, permiten reconocer ciertas dinámicas de fortalecimiento de fronteras culturales, canalizadas por un gran movimiento asociativo que ha redefinido un discurso de exclusividad étnica en términos de derechos humanos y de ciudadanía. A pesar de la fortaleza del discurso sociopolítico de la comunidad mbororo en Camerún, los resultados preliminares de la etnografía transnacional constatan una debilitación de los vínculos con la comunidad de origen. Todo ello, más que mostrar una desconexión, ha permitido observar la expresión de una etnicidad como proceso identitario en transformación, en el que los sujetos se adhieren a referentes culturales de manera contextual, visibilizando que la experiencia identitaria debe aprehendida desde la contingencia. La tesis contribuye a los estudios sobre identidad y etnicidad y resitúa a los/as mbororo lejos de la figura mítica y ancestral del peul nómada y pastor, para aprehenderlos como sujetos agentes en la representación de su experiencia étnica.[eng] Based on a multi-sited ethnography with a complementary virtual fieldwork, this thesis explores the connections among those Mbororo in Cameroon and those whom, after a transnational migration journey, dwell in Europe. Methodologically, in order to entangle the experiences in Cameroon and in Europe, the thesis suggests an intersectional approach while rendering the variability of social categories that surround the experiences of identity while deepening in a perspective that breaks with essencializing rhetorics of ethnicity. Mbororo pastoralists of Cameroon have been recognized as indigenous population according to the criteria established by African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. This latter being part of the African Union and following the 169 Convention of the ILO and The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The Mbororo are part of the Fulani ethnolinguistic blog of the great south-sahelian area from Mauritania to Central African Republic. The identification as indigenous people in Cameroon in contrast to other Peul groups in the country, allows Cameroonian Mbororo to strengthen their cultural frontiers, this latter promoted by a vibrant associational movement which has (re)defined their ethnic particularism into human rights and citizenship rhetoric. In spite of the strength of the sociopolitical discourse of the Mbororo community in Cameroon, the preliminary results of this multi-sited ethnography confirm a debilitation of the ties with the original community in the moment of migration. Instead of describing this debilitation as a form of disconnection, the thesis argues for a notion of ethnicity as an identity process in transformation. It understands the experience of identity from the contingency in which subjects adopt cultural benchmarks according to their contextual needs and anxieties. On the whole, the thesis contributes to identity and ethnicity studies by approaching the Mbororo as agentive representatives of their own ethnic experience

Uncertainties, Fear and Stigma: Perceptions of Zika Virus among Pregnant Women in Spain.

Similar to other epidemics, knowledge about Zika virus (ZIKV) relies upon information often coming from outside the health system. This study aimed to explore views, perceptions and attitudes towards ZIKV among migrant women from Central and South America, diagnosed with ZIKV infection during pregnancy, and to comprehend healthcare professionals' perceptions of ZIKV. An exploratory qualitative study, based on phenomenology and grounded theory, was conducted in Barcelona, Spain. Data were collected through in-depth and paired interviews with women diagnosed with ZIKV infection during pregnancy, and semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals. Women showed good level of awareness of ZIKV, despite some knowledge gaps. The most consulted source of information about ZIKV was the Internet. Women expressed they suffered from anxiety and depression due to potential effects of ZIKV on their babies. They conveyed their sources of support came primarily from their partners and relatives, as well as healthcare professionals. This study stresses the dramatic health, social and emotional burden that the epidemic imposed on migrant women infected with ZIKV during pregnancy. These results may help guide psychosocial support and health measures for pregnant women and their children as part of the public health emergency response in emergent epidemics

'One feels anger to know there is no one to help us!'. Perceptions of mothers of children with Zika virus-associated microcephaly in Caribbean Colombia: A qualitative study

Background: The epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) was associated with a sudden and unprecedented increase in infants born with microcephaly. Colombia was the second most affected country by the epidemic in the Americas. Primary caregivers of children with ZIKV-associated microcephaly, their mothers mainly, were at higher risk of suffering anxiety and depression. Often, these women were stigmatized and abandoned by their partners, relatives, and communities. Methodology/principal findings: This study aimed to understand the perceptions about ZIKV infection among mothers of children born with microcephaly during the ZIKV epidemic in Caribbean Colombia, and the barriers and facilitators affecting child health follow-up. An exploratory qualitative study, based on Phenomenology and Grounded Theory, was conducted in Caribbean Colombia. Data were collected through In-Depth Interviews (IDI) from women who delivered a baby with microcephaly during the ZIKV epidemic at Clínica Salud Social, Sincelejo, Sucre District (N = 11). The themes that emerged during the interviews included experiences from their lives before pregnancy; knowledge about ZIKV; experiences and perceptions when diagnosed; considering a possible termination of pregnancy, and children's clinical follow-up. In some cases, women reported having been told they were having a baby with microcephaly but decided not to terminate the pregnancy; while in other cases, women found out about their newborn's microcephaly condition only at birth. The main barriers encountered by participants during children's follow-up included the lack of psychosocial and economic support, the stigmatization and abandonment by some partners and relatives, and the frustration of seeing the impaired development of their children. Conclusions: This study contributed to identifying the social, medical, psychological, and economic needs of families with children affected by the ZIKV epidemic. Commitment and action by local and national governments, and international bodies, is required to ensure sustained and quality health services by affected children and their families

Acceptability of a Hypothetical Zika Vaccine among Women from Colombia and Spain Exposed to ZIKV: A Qualitative Study.

Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause pregnancy loss and congenital Zika syndrome, among other poor health outcomes. The ZIKV epidemic in 2015-2017 disproportionately affected pregnant women in poor-resource settings. We aimed to understand perceptions and attitudes towards a hypothetical ZIKV vaccine, women's willingness to be vaccinated, and potential barriers and facilitators for vaccine acceptance in 1) migrant women living in Spain who travelled to their countries of origin and were diagnosed with ZIKV infection during pregnancy, and their healthcare providers, and 2) women living in Colombia who delivered a child with microcephaly. An exploratory qualitative study based on phenomenology and grounded theory was conducted. Data were collected through in-depth, paired and semi-structured interviews. Overall, women from both sites were willing to receive a hypothetical ZIKV vaccine. However, some expressed concerns of being vaccinated during pregnancy, yet they would accept it if the vaccine was recommended by a healthcare professional they trust. Main fears towards vaccination were related to vaccine safety and potential adverse effects on child's health. Women reported feeling hesitant to participate in a ZIKV vaccine trial. These results may contribute to guiding the effective delivery of future ZIKV vaccines among populations most at risk and particularly vulnerable

Etnicitats, fronteres culturals i categories fluïdes en un context global: una mirada sobre els peul mbororo del Camerun

A Camerun, els pastors Mbororo sónidentificats, junt amb altres grups, coma població indígena/autòctona per partde les Nacions Unides. Sent els Mbororouna comunitat conformant del granbloc ètnic Peul/Fulani, present a tota lazona sudano-saheliana, s’observaran lesdinàmiques que els han acabat configurantcom a grup ètnic distintiu. Fruitd’una categoria originalment estigmatitzant,l’etnònim Mbororo s’ha constituïtcom a referent ètnic d’un discurs indigenistaque ha permès l’empoderamentd’una elit educada des dels marges. Totaixò, des d’una visió més global i d’unaperspectiva interconnectada, es plantejacom una dinàmica de fissió en el casdels Peul seminòmades (els Mbororo) aCamerun, doncs en altres països els Peulsón presentats de forma unitària

Uncertainties, Fear and Stigma: Perceptions of Zika Virus among Pregnant Women in Spain

Similar to other epidemics, knowledge about Zika virus (ZIKV) relies upon information often coming from outside the health system. This study aimed to explore views, perceptions and attitudes towards ZIKV among migrant women from Central and South America, diagnosed with ZIKV infection during pregnancy, and to comprehend healthcare professionals’ perceptions of ZIKV. An exploratory qualitative study, based on phenomenology and grounded theory, was conducted in Barcelona, Spain. Data were collected through in-depth and paired interviews with women diagnosed with ZIKV infection during pregnancy, and semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals. Women showed good level of awareness of ZIKV, despite some knowledge gaps. The most consulted source of information about ZIKV was the Internet. Women expressed they suffered from anxiety and depression due to potential effects of ZIKV on their babies. They conveyed their sources of support came primarily from their partners and relatives, as well as healthcare professionals. This study stresses the dramatic health, social and emotional burden that the epidemic imposed on migrant women infected with ZIKV during pregnancy. These results may help guide psychosocial support and health measures for pregnant women and their children as part of the public health emergency response in emergent epidemics

Trust, community health workers and delivery of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: a comparative qualitative analysis of four sub-Saharan countries

This qualitative study is part of a project aiming to evaluate a community-based approach to the delivery of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) through community health workers (CHWs) in four sub-Saharan African countries: the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Madagascar, Mozambique and Nigeria. The study aimed to understand the factors that influence the anticipated acceptability of this intervention. A total of 216 in-depth interviews and 62 focus group discussions were carried out in the four country sites with pregnant women, women of reproductive age, community leaders, pregnant women’s relatives, CHWs, formal and informal health providers. Grounded theory guided the study design and data collection, and content and thematic analysis was performed through a comparative lens. This paper focuses on one crosscutting theme: trust-building. Two mechanisms that underpin communities’ trust in delivery of IPTp via CHWs were identified: ‘perceived competence’ and ‘community and healthcare system integration’. Communities’ perception of CHWs’ competence shapes their trust in them, which suggests that CHWs’ credentials should be made public and that specialised training in maternal health is required for them. Integration depends on the promotion of socially embedded practices and the involvement of formal healthcare systems in CHWs’ work