Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Some further empirical evidence on the impact of oil price changes on petrol prices

This paper analyses the asymmetries in the response of petrol prices to oil price shocks. We show that previous work, based on the determination of asymmetric responses, can be improved upon by allowing for asymmetries in short term dynamics. The paper shows that a significant determinant of the response of petrol prices to oil price changes, is the extent to which petrol price can be seen to have departed from its long run equilibrium level.Petrol Price, Oil Prices, Asymmetric Adjustment, Non-Linearity, Cointegration,

Modelos de cointegração com um ou dois limiares: uma aplicação para o preço do frango inteiro resfriado em mercados atacadistas no Brasil

A maioria dos estudos de integração de mercados que utiliza a técnica de cointegração com threshold não se preocupa em testar qual o número de regimes de ajustamento de preços é o mais adequado. Neste estudo, utiliza-se um procedimento para determinar o número de regimes estatisticamente indicado para diferentes mercados regionais de carne de frango no Brasil, no período de janeiro de 1998 a junho de 2007. Os resultados mostram que, para um grupo de mercados, o modelo com dois regimes é o mais indicado, enquanto para os demais mercados, o modelo com três regimes é o que melhor se ajusta. Constata-se a presença de significativas barreiras à transmissão de choques de preços entre os mercados, o que provavelmente resulta de custos de transação não desprezíveis na comercialização da carne de frango.<br>Most studies about market integration that use threshold cointegration do not usually test the number of regimes of price adjustment. In this study, we use a testing procedure to determine the number of statistically significant regimes for regional markets of poultry in Brazil in the period of January 1998 to June 2007. Results show that, for some markets, two regimes are adequate, whereas for others, the model should have three regimes. We also conclude that there are important barriers to price transmission among the markets which may come from the existence of high transaction costs regarding trades involving poultry