Gallic acid treatment protects intestinal tissue against ischemia-reperfusion

Background: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of gallic acid (GA) in the rat intestine against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Materials and methods: Thirty male Wistar albino rats with a mean weight of 200–250 g were used. Animals were categorized into the sham, IR, and IR+GA groups. Ischemia of the intestine was induced for 3 h by occluding the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and then left for 3 h of reperfusion. In the IR+GA group, after ischemia induction, 50 mg/kg GA was orally administered to the animals. Blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. Intestinal tissues were excised for histopathologic and immunohistochemical processing. Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased, and catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels were decreased in the IR group compared to the sham group. After GA treatment, MDA levels decreased and CAT and GSH levels increased in the GA-treated group compared to the IR group. In the sham group, normal intestinal histology was observed. In the IR group, the villi structures were completely degenerated. In the IR+GA group, histology was improved after GA treatment. In the sham group, the Caspase-3 reaction was generally negative in the epithelium and glands. In the IR group, the Caspase-3 reaction increased in apoptotic bodies and inflammatory cells. The Caspase-3 reaction was negative in goblet cells and the epithelium. A moderate Caspase-3 reaction was observed in the IR+GA group. The Beclin-1 reaction was negative in epithelial cells and goblet cells in villi in the sham group. In the IR group, the Beclin-1 reaction was positive in the degenerated villi. An intense Beclin-1 reaction was also observed in some inflammatory cells. After GA treatment, the Beclin-1 reaction was positive in a few cells. In general, moderate Beclin-1 positivity was observed. Conclusions: GA, with its antioxidative effect, inhibited the apoptotic pathway (Caspase-3) through Beclin-1 regulation

An investigation related to the aggression and empathic tendency levels of the university students according to their genders and sport educationÜniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyet ve spor eğitimi alma durumlarına göre saldırganlık ve empatik eğilim düzeylerinin incelenmesi

This study aimed to investigate the aggression and empathetic tendency levels of the students studying at Mustafa Kemal University by considering the gender and sport education variables. “Personal Information Form” developed by the researchers, the “Aggression scale” developed by Kiper (1984) and the “Empathic Tendency Scale” developed by Dökmen (1988) were used as data collection tools. The aggression and empathic tendency levels of the participants were compared in terms of their genders and whether they were doing sports or not. The study group of the research consisted of 535 participants including 254 women and 281 men who were studying at the Mustafa Kemal University during the 2012-2014 academic year. The scale of the aggression and Empathic tendency scale for non-parametric tests, Mann Whitney U test for binary comparisons is the significance level used is 0.01 and 0.05 level has been tested. When considering the findings it was discovered that according to the gender the destructive aggression and passive aggression levels of the women regardless to their sport educations were significantly higher. Again in terms of gender variable woman who do not get education of sport empathic tendency levels are more higher than man who do not get education of sport. As a result: in terms of the participants of this study according to the sport status the gender variable was not a significant variable in changing the aggression and empathic tendency levels, as well as it could be stated that doing sports was effective to some sub-dimensions. ÖzetBu araştırmada, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin cinsiyet ve spor eğitimi alma durumları dikkate alınarak, saldırganlık ve empatik eğilim düzeylerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, Kiper (1984) tarafından geliştirilen ‘‘Saldırganlık Ölçeği’’ ve Dökmen (1988) tarafından geliştirilen ‘‘Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği’’ kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların saldırganlık ve empatik eğilim düzeyleri, spor yapıp-yapmama ve cinsiyet değişkenleri açısından mukayese edilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2013-2014 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 254’ü  kadın, 281’i erkek olmak üzere toplamda 535 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Saldırganlık ölçeği ve Empatik eğilim ölçeklerine yönelik non-parametrik testlerden ikili karşılaştırmalar için Mann Whitney U Testi kullanılmış olup anlamlılık düzeyi 0.01 ve 0.05 düzeyinde sınanmıştır.  Bulgulara bakıldığında katılımcıların cinsiyet değişkenine göre spor eğitimi alan ve almayan kadınların, Yıkıcı saldırganlık ve Edilgen saldırganlık düzeylerinin anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu bulgulanmıştır. Yine cinsiyet değişkeni açısından spor eğitimi almayan kadınların, spor eğitimi almayan erkeklere oranla empatik eğilim düzeylerinin anlamlı düzeyde yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir  Sonuç olarak; bu çalışmanın katılımcıları açısından spor yapma durumlarına göre, cinsiyet değişkeninin genel manada saldırganlık ve empatik eğilim düzeylerini değiştirmede belirleyici bir değişken olmadığı, bunun yanı sıra bazı alt boyutlarda spor yapmanın etken olduğu söylenebilir

Improvement in Attention and Executive Functions During Isotretinoin Treatment in Patients With Acne

Background and Design: We assessed attention, memory, verbal-linguistic ability, and executive functions in acne vulgaris patients before and during isotretinoin treatment.Materials and Methods: Fifty-two treatment-naive acne patients at baseline and 24 at the second visit were evaluated. A neurocognitive battery including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning and Memory Test, Auditory Consonant Trigram Test, Controlled Word Association Test, Digit Span Test, Trail Making Test A and B and the Stroop Test was used. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) were also applied.Results: We found improvements in attention and executive functions at the second visit in comparison with the baseline evaluations. No alteration was found in verbal episodic memory, learning, working memory, and phonemic verbal fluency (Digit Span Forwards Test p=0.003, Trial Making-A Test p=0.002, Trial Making –B Test p=0.000, Stroop test p=0.028).Discussion: The positive effects of isotretinoin on cognitive functions may be related to the decline in acne lesions and less mental occupation with the social impacts of acne

MENTHA SPİCATA UÇUCU YAĞ EKSTRESİNİN İÇERİK ANALİZİYLE, SIÇANLARDA YARA İYİLEŞMESİNE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Amaç: Bu çalışmadaki amacımız Mentha spicata (MS) türünün uçucu yağ ekstresinin kimyasal ve antioksidan kompozisyonunu, bu bitkiye ait ekstrenin antibakteriyel aktivitesini ve sıçan damak bölgesinde yara iyileşmesi üzerindeki etkinliğini değerlendirmektir. Yöntem ve gereçler: MS ekstresinin antioksidan aktivitesi DPPH serbest radikal giderim, ABTS katyon radikal giderim ve CUPRAC yöntemleri ile tayin edildi. Ayrıca türün antiaging poptansiyeli elastaz ve kollajenaz enzim aktiviteleri ile belirlenerek uçucu yağ içeriği GC-MS/FID ile analiz edildi. Yara iyileşmesindeki etkinliğin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla da 8-10 haftalık, 56 adet Wistar albino türü erkek ratın damağında 4 mm çapında eksizyonal yara bölgesi oluşturuldu. Denekler; kontrol grubu (K), ve Mentha spicata (MS) grubu şeklinde 2 eşit gruba bölündü ve 3, 7, 14 ve 21.günlerde sakrifiye edildi. Yara bölgelerinden histopatolojik inceleme için doku örnekleri alındı. Histopatolojik olarak; vaskülarizasyon, polimorfonükleer lökosit (PMN) sayısı, kollajen dejenerasyonu, fibrozis, vasküler endotelyal büyüme faktörü (VEGF) ve vimentin parametreleri değerlendirildi. Antimikrobiyal etkinliğin saptanmasında ise Streptococcus mitis (S. mitis) ve Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) bakterileri kullanıldı. Bulgular: Antioksidan değerlendirmede; daha çok monoterpenlerden oluşan MS uçucu yağ ekstresi orta derecede aktif bulundu. Yara iyileşmesindeki istatistiksel analiz sonuçlarına göre ise; MS grubu, kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, 14 ve 21.günlerde anlamlı olarak azalmış vaskülarizasyon, PMN, kollajen dejenerasyonu, fibrozis ve vimentin değerleri görülürken; aynı günlerde VEGF değerleri anlamlı olarak fazla bulundu. MS’nin S. mitis ve Aa bakterileri bir antibakteriyel etkisi tespit edilmedi. Sonuç: Mentha spicata’nın ise ağız içi yara iyileşmesinde orta derecede etkili olduğu görüldü. Anahtar kelimeler: Antibakteriyel, Antioksidan, Kloroben, Mentha Spicata, Yara İyileşmes

The frequency of Duchenne muscular dystrophy/Becker muscular dystrophy and Pompe disease in children with isolated transaminase elevation: results from the observational VICTORIA study

IntroductionElevated transaminases and/or creatine phosphokinase can indicate underlying muscle disease. Therefore, this study aims to determine the frequency of Duchenne muscular dystrophy/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) in male children and Pompe disease (PD) in male and female children with isolated hypertransaminasemia.MethodsThis multi-center, prospective study enrolled patients aged 3–216 months with serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and/or aspartate transaminase (AST) levels >2× the upper limit of normal (ULN) for ≥3 months. Patients with a known history of liver or muscle disease or physical examination findings suggestive of liver disease were excluded. Patients were screened for creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels, and molecular genetic tests for DMD/BMD in male patients and enzyme analysis for PD in male and female patients with elevated CPK levels were performed. Genetic analyses confirmed PD. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the patients were analyzed.ResultsOverall, 589 patients [66.8% male, mean age of 63.4 months (standard deviation: 60.5)] were included. In total, 251 patients (188 male and 63 female) had CPK levels above the ULN. Of the patients assessed, 47% (85/182) of male patients were diagnosed with DMD/BMD and 1% (3/228) of male and female patients were diagnosed with PD. The median ALT, AST, and CPK levels were statistically significantly higher, and the questioned neurological symptoms and previously unnoticed examination findings were more common in DMD/BMD patients than those without DMD/BMD or PD (p < 0.001).DiscussionQuestioning neurological symptoms, conducting a complete physical examination, and testing for CPK levels in patients with isolated hypertransaminasemia will prevent costly and time-consuming investigations for liver diseases and will lead to the diagnosis of occult neuromuscular diseases. Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT04120168

Effect of Gallic Acid Treatment on Hepatic Tissue in Ischemia-Reperfusion

Aim: Hepatic IR occurs in many clinical conditions such as liver injury, liver hemorrhage and shock, surgical resection, and transplantation. In our study, it is aimed to investigate whether gallic acid (GA) can be used for hepatoprotective purposes, histopathologically. Study Desıgn: 24 Wistar albino male rats were divided into 3 groups (n:8). Surgical procedures were done under general anesthesia. A 4 cm midline abdominal incision were opened to observe hepatoduodenal ligament.  The portal vein and hepatic artery was closed with a rubber band and silk suture, and ischemia was performed for 60 minutes. The suture was opened and hepatic reperfusion was performed for 6 hours. 50 mg/kg Gallic Acid was administered to the rats in this group by intraperitoneal route once a day for 14 days. Results: Normal histology of lvier was observed with regular vena centralis, endothelial cells, hepatocytes and sinusoid. In IR group, blood vessels were dilated and congested with cell infiltrations. Hepatocytes were degenerated with irregular sinusoides and hyperplasic Kupfer cells. IR+GA group, mononuclear cell infiltration continued with thickening of the basement membrane of the vessels. Vacuolated hepatocyte was observed. GA treatment alleviasted the pathologies occurred due to IR injury. Conclusion: It was thought that the cellular damage in the inflammation signal, which started as a result of the cessation of blood flow after ischemia-reperfusion injury, affects the classical lobule of the liver especially around the vena, and may cause necrotic changes by increasing cell apoptosis due to functional nutritional deficiency. Keywords: liver, ischemia, reperfusion, gallic acid, histolog

Diyabetik Sıçanların Testis Dokusunda VEGF ve Bcl-2 Ekspresyon Düzeylerinin İmmünohistokimya ve Western Blot Yöntemleri İle İncelenmesi

Amaç: Bu çalışmada diyabetik sıçanların tetis dokusunda anjiogenezi ve vasküler geçirgenliği stimule eden vasküler endotel büyüme faktörünün (VEGF) ve apoptozis regülasyonunda önemli bir rol oynayan B-cell lymphoma-2’ nin (Bcl-2) ekspresyon düzeylerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada 20 adet erişkin Wistar albino sıçan kullanıldı. Sıçanlar kontrol ve Diabetes mellitus (DM) olmak üzere 2 eşit gruba ayrıldı. DM oluşturmak için sitrat tamponunda çözülmüş tek doz Streptozotosin (STZ) (55mg/kg) intraperitoneal olarak verildi. %10’ luk formaldehit solüsyonuna atılan testis dokuları rutin parafin takiplerinden sonra histopatolojik olarak incelendi. VEGF ve Bcl-2 protein düzeyleri immünohistokimya ve Western Blot yöntemleriyle ölçüldü. Bulgular: Diyabetik gruba ait spermatik hücrelerin bazılarında dejenerasyon, çekirdekte küçülme ve yer yer piknosis gözlendi. Diyabet sonucu Sertoli hücrelerinde yapısal değişiklikler saptanırken, tubuller arasındaki damarlarda dilatasyon ve hemoraji gözlendi. Diyabetin etkisi ile testis dokusunda VEGF ekspresyonunun bloke olduğu, Bcl-2 ekspresyonunun ise azaldığı saptandı. Sonuç: Diyabetik testis dokularında VEGF ekspresyonunun bloke olmasının yetersiz anjiogenez ve vasküler permeabiliteye neden olabileceği olasıdır. Ayrıca diyabetik testis dokularında anti-apoptotik protein olan Bcl-2 ekspresyonundaki azalmanın diyabetin testiküler dokuda apotozis regülasyonunun bozulmasına neden olabileceği düşünülmektedir

Investigation of the histopathological level of Ki-67, caspase-3 expressions of the effects of hesperidin on wound healing in the rat esophagus

ABSTRACT Purpose: The effects of hesperidin application on the wound caused by esophageal burns were investigated in this study. Methods: Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: Control group: only 1 mL of 0.09% NaCl was administered i.p. for 28 days; Burn group: An alkaline esophageal burn model was created with 0.2 mL of 25% NaOH orally by gavage—1 mL of 0.09% NaCl was administered i.p. for 28 days; Burn+Hesperidin group: 1 mL of 50 mL/kg of hesperidin was given i.p. for 28 days to rats after burn injury. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Esophagus samples were processed for histochemical staining and immunohistochemistry. Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were significantly increased in Burn group. Glutathione (GSH) content and histological scores of epithelialization, collagen formation, neovascularization was decreased. After hesperidin treatment, these values were significantly improved in the Burn+Hesperidin group. In the Burn group, epithelial cells and muscular layers were degenerated. Hesperidin treatment restored these pathologies in Burn+Hesperidin group. Ki-67 and caspase-3 expressions were mainly negative in control group; however, the expression was increased in the Burn group. In the Burn+Hesperidin group, Ki-67 and caspase-3 immune activities were reduced. Conclusions: Hesperidin dosage and application methods can be developed as an alternative treatment for burn healing and treatment

Preeklamptik ve normotansif plasentalarda VEGF ve Vimentin ekspresyon düzeylerinin immunohistokimya ve Western Blot yöntemleri ile incelenmesi

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which stimulates angiogenesis and vimentin, an intermediate cytoskeleton filaments, in both preeclamptic and normotensive placentas. Methods: In this study, placentas after birth in 35-38 weeks were included. Ten preeclamptic placentas and ten normal placentas were used. Tissue pieces which had been soaked in 10% formaldehyde solution were examined histologically after routine paraffin follow. The expression levels of VEGF and vimentin were measured by Western Blot. Results: It was found that syncytial proliferation was in­creased in preeclamptic placentas. Intervillous syncytial knots, syncytial edema, collagen increase and vascular endothelial damage were observed. It was observed that VEGF and vimentin expression levels were increased as a result of preeclampsia. Conclusion: Nonfunctional VEGF which could not bind to its receptor leading to increased VEGF level may lead to inadequate angiogenesis in preeclamptic placenta. In addition, it is thought that an increase in vimentin level in preeclamptic placenta may cause reduced vascular per­meability