26 research outputs found
Future prospects of relic bog dweller Carabus menetriesi in the face of climate change
Der HochmoorlaufkĂ€fer (Carabus menetriesi pacholei) ist eine prioritĂ€re Anhang-Art der FFH-Richtlinie und Art mit hoher Schutzverantwortung Deutschlands. Seine LebensrĂ€ume liegen in noch weitgehend intakten Hoch-, Ăbergangs- und Hochlagen-Quellmooren einschlieĂlich von MoorwĂ€ldern. In einem prognostizierten, wĂ€rmer und trockener werdenden Klima werden einige Vorkommen auĂerhalb der hier vorgelegten KlimahĂŒlle zu liegen kommen und daher fĂŒr die Art voraussichtlich verloren gehen. Das gilt in besonderem MaĂe fĂŒr die endemischen Vorkommen im Voralpengebiet. Andere Vorkommen werden nur zu halten sein, wenn jegliche Anstrengungen unternommen werden, einen naturnahen Wasserhaushalt wiederherzustellen. Die KlimahĂŒlle fĂŒr die Nominatform reicht etwas weiter in den trockenen und auch warmen Bereich, erfordert aber ebenfalls sĂ€mtliche BemĂŒhungen zu ihrem Erhalt. Zu den notwendigen MaĂnahmen gehört unter anderem auch die konsequente Erhaltung naturnaher Moor- und MoorrandwĂ€lder. Eine Theorie zur ErklĂ€rung der disjunkten Verbreitung im Voralpengebiet basierend auf der Vereisungsgeschichte wird prĂ€sentiert, da die KlimaverhĂ€ltnisse allein die Verbreitung nicht erklĂ€ren können.The raised bog large ground beetle (Carabus menetriesi pacholei) is listed as a priority species in Annex II of the EU Habitat Directive, and is a subspecies for which Germany has a very high conservation responsibility. Its habitats are largely intact raised and transitional bogs and high-elevation spring bogs, including bog forests. In the future climate that is predicted to be warmer and drier, some of this speciesâ habitats will likely be lost. This is particularly true for the endemic subspecies living in the pre-Alps. Other sites will only be retained if measures are undertaken to reestablish a semi-natural water regime. Among other necessary management measures is strict conservation of all natural and semi-natural bog forests and bog-edge forests. Although the climate envelope for the nominate subspecies extends farther into a drier and also slightly warmer climate, measures to protect its habitat are also warranted. A theory explaining the limited distribution in the prealpine region based on the Ice Age history is presented, since its distribution cannot be explained by the present climatic conditions alone
Carboxylate ion pairing with alkali-metal ions for ÎČ-Lactoglobulin and its role on aggregation and interfacial adsorption
We
report a combined experimental and computational study of the
whey protein ÎČ-lactoglobulin (BLG) in different electrolyte
solutions. Vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) and ellipsometry
were used to investigate the molecular structure of BLG modified airâwater
interfaces as a function of LiCl, NaCl, and KCl concentrations. Molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations and thermodynamic integration provided details
of the ion pairing of protein surface residues with alkali-metal cations.
Our results at pH 6.2 indicate that BLG at the airâwater interface
forms mono- and bilayers preferably at low and high ionic strength,
respectively. Results from SFG spectroscopy and ellipsometry are consistent
with intimate ion pairing of alkali-metal cations with aspartate and
glutamate carboxylates, which is shown to be more effective for smaller
cations (Li<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>). MD simulations show not
only carboxylateâalkali-metal ion pairs but also ion multiplets
with the alkali-metal ion in a bridging position between two or more
carboxylates. Consequently, alkali-metal cations can bridge carboxylates
not only within a monomer but also between monomers, thus providing
an important dimerization mechanism between hydrophilic surface patches
The co-chaperone Fkbp5 shapes the acute stress response in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male mice
Disturbed activation or regulation of the stress response through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a fundamental component of multiple stress-related diseases, including psychiatric, metabolic, and immune disorders. The FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) is a negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the main driver of HPA axis regulation, and FKBP5 polymorphisms have been repeatedly linked to stress-related disorders in humans. However, the specific role of Fkbp5 in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in shaping HPA axis (re)activity remains to be elucidated. We here demonstrate that the deletion of Fkbp5 in Sim1(+) neurons dampens the acute stress response and increases GR sensitivity. In contrast, Fkbp5 overexpression in the PVN results in a chronic HPA axis over-activation, and a PVN-specific rescue of Fkbp5 expression in full Fkbp5 KO mice normalizes the HPA axis phenotype. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed the cell-type-specific expression pattern of Fkbp5 in the PVN and showed that Fkbp5 expression is specifically upregulated in Crh(+) neurons after stress. Finally, Crh-specific Fkbp5 overexpression alters Crh neuron activity, but only partially recapitulates the PVN-specific Fkbp5 overexpression phenotype. Together, the data establish the central and cell-type-specific importance of Fkbp5 in the PVN in shaping HPA axis regulation and the acute stress response
Tumor Invasion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Is Accompanied by Strong Hemorrhage Promoted by TNF-α
BACKGROUND:Several facultative anaerobic bacteria with potential therapeutic abilities are known to preferentially colonize solid tumors after systemic administration. How they efficiently find and invade the tumors is still unclear. However, this is an important issue to be clarified when bacteria should be tailored for application in cancer therapy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:We describe the initial events of colonization of an ectopic transplantable tumor by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Initially, after intravenous administration, bacteria were found in blood, spleen, and liver. Low numbers were also detected in tumors associated with blood vessels as could be observed by immunohistochemistry. A rapid increase of TNF-alpha in blood was observed at that time, in addition to other pro-inflammatory cytokines. This induced a tremendous influx of blood into the tumors by vascular disruption that could be visualized in H&E stainings and quantified by hemoglobin measurements of tumor homogenate. Most likely, together with the blood, bacteria were flushed into the tumor. In addition, blood influx was followed by necrosis formation, bacterial growth, and infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes. Depletion of TNF-alpha retarded blood influx and delayed bacterial tumor-colonization. CONCLUSION:Our findings emphasize similarities between Gram-negative tumor-colonizing bacteria and tumor vascular disrupting agents and show the involvement of TNF-alpha in the initial phase of tumor-colonization by bacteria
Abstracts from the 20th International Symposium on Signal Transduction at the Blood-Brain Barriers
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138963/1/12987_2017_Article_71.pd
Molekulare und funktionelle Charakterisierung kommunizierender KanÀle
Pannexin (Panx) 1 und 2 sind multimere Kanalproteine, deren Eigenschaften in dieser Arbeit untersucht wurden. Durch Koexpressionsstudien und TEVC Messungen in Oozyten wurde eine Formation heteromerer KanĂ€le ausgeschlossen. Die Analyse chimĂ€rer Proteine zeigte, dass in beiden Proteinen eine Interaktion des C- und des N-terminalen Teils gegeben sein muss. Sequenzanalysen zu Panx2 ergaben, dass die Expression zweier Isoformen von 664 oder 674 AminosĂ€uren (aa) LĂ€nge durch zwei Startcodons möglich ist. Panx2-674 bildet spannungsgesteuerte KanĂ€le und stellt die native Form des Panx2 Proteins dar. Durch Trunkierung wurde die C-terminale DomĂ€ne von Panx1 untersucht. Der C-Terminus ist fĂŒr die SpannungssensitivitĂ€t nicht verantwortlich. Eine Interaktionsstelle fĂŒr den Inhibitor Cbx wurde zwischen aa 327 - 347 lokalisiert. Ăberlebensstudien zeigten, dass sich die Position der in der Apoptose wichtigen Casp3/7 Schnittstelle evolutiv unter hohem selektivem Druck entwickelt haben muss
Zu den Auswirkungen des SanInsFoG auf die umsatzsteuerliche Organschaft bei vorlĂ€ufiger Eigenverwaltung: Zugleich Einordnung des BMF-Schreibens vom 22.06.2021 (22.06.2021, III C 2 â S 7105/20/10001 :001)
National audienceZum 01.01.2021 traten im Rahmen des Sanierungsfortentwicklungsgesetzes (SanInsFoG) umfangreiche Ănderungen der InsO in Kraft, welche sich ua auf das Eigenverwaltungsverfahren (§§ 270 ff. InsO) beziehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund reagierte die Finanzverwaltung, ergĂ€nzte das BMF-Schreiben vom 04.03.2021 und erweiterte den Umsatzsteueranwendungserlass in Abschn. 2.8 Abs. 12 UStAE um Satz 7. Damit ist § 276a InsO a.F. fĂŒr vorlĂ€ufige Eigenverwaltungsverfahren, die zwischen dem 01.01.2021 und dem 31.12.2021 angeordnet werden â unter MaĂgabe des § 5 Abs. 1 COVInsAG â weiter anwendbar. Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert umsatzsteuerliche Implikationen des ergĂ€nzten BMF-Schreibens im Rahmen der vorlĂ€ufigen Eigenverwaltung
Mixed Layers of ÎČâLactoglobulin and SDS at AirâWater Interfaces with Tunable Intermolecular Interactions
Mixtures of ÎČ-lactoglobulin
(BLG) and sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS) were studied at pH 3.8 and 6.7 under equilibrium conditions.
At these pH conditions, BLG carries either a positive or a negative
net charge, respectively, which enables tunable electrostatic interactions
between anionic SDS surfactants and BLG proteins. For pH 3.8, vibrational
sum-frequency generation (SFG) and ellipsometry indicate strong BLGâSDS
complex formation at airâwater interfaces that is caused by
attractive electrostatic interactions. The latter complexes are already
formed in the bulk solution which was confirmed by a thermodynamic
study of BLGâSDS mixtures using isothermal titration calorimetry
(ITC). For acidic conditions we determine from our ITC data an exothermal
binding enthalpy of â40 kJ mol<sup>â1</sup>. Increasing
SDS/BLG molar ratios above 10 leads to a surface excess of SDS and
thus to a charge reversal from a positive net charge with BLG as the
dominating surface adsorbed species to a negatively charged layer
with SDS as the dominating surface species. The latter is evidenced
by a pronounced minimum in SFG intensities that is also accompanied
by a phase change of OâH stretching bands due to a reorientation
of H<sub>2</sub>O within the local electric field. This phase change
which occurs at SDS/BLG molar ratio between 1 and 10 causes a polarity
change in SFG intensities from BLG aromatic CâH stretching
vibrations. Conclusions from SFG spectra are corroborated by ellipsometry
which shows a dramatic increase in layer thicknesses at molar ratios
where a charge reversal occurs. The formation of interfacial multilayers
comprising SDS-BLG complexes is, thus, caused by cancellation of electrostatic
interactions which leads to agglomeration at the interface. In contrast
to pH 3.8, behavior of BLGâSDS mixtures at pH 6.7 is different
due to repulsive electrostatic interactions between SDS and BLG which
lead to a significantly reduced binding enthalpy of â17 kJ
mol<sup>â1</sup>. Finally, it has to be mentioned that SFG
spectra show a coexistence of BLG and SDS molecules at the interface
for BLGâSDS molar ratios > 2