Fluoride Released From GIC and RMGIC in Saliva and Dentino-Enamel SUbstance

Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) are two restorative materials in dentistry that have the capacity of releasing fluoride to saliva, dentino-enamel substance, and the ability to form fluoroapatite crystal. This study aims to compare the amount of fluoride release in saliva and dentino-enamel substance. A total of 48 caries free premolar teeth were prepared to form a cavity with the dimension of 4 x 4 x 2 mm on the buccal surfaces. These teeth were then divided into 3 groups (control, GIC, RMGIC groups). These teeth were then soaked in artificial saliva without fluoride content and were incubated at room temperature (37 0C). Each group was divided again into 4 sub groups, with different periods of soaking (1, 3, 10, and 20 days). The fluoride content of saliva was analyzed using ion chromatography. The fluoroapatite on dentino-enamel substance was analyzed using x-ray diffraction or XRD. While there was a significant difference in fluoride release in saliva and no significant difference in fluoroapatite formation on dentino-enamel substance within 3 groups. Fluoride content in saliva showed a significant difference within the 3 groups. No significant difference was found in the fluoroapatite content on dentino-enamel substance

Application of 10% Ascorbic Acid Improves Resin Shear Bond Stregth in Bleached Dentin

Restoration of the teeth immediately after bleaching with H2O2 35% is contraindicated due to the remnants of free radical that will stay inside dentin for 2-3 weeks which will compromise the adhesiveness of composite resin. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of 10% ascorbic acid on shear bond strength of composite placed on bleached dentin. Methods:Twenty seven samples were divided equally into three groups. Group 1: dentin was etched with 35% phosphoric acid; Group 2: dentin was bleached with 35% H2O2 followed by etching with 35% phosphoric acid; Group 3: dentin was bleached with 35% H2O2, followed by application of 10% ascorbic acid and etched with 35% phosphoric acid. All samples were then stored at 370C for 24 hours. The Universal Testing Machine was used to measure shear bond strength and the results were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test. Results: After nine independent experiments, 10% ascorbic acid application on bleached dentin resulted in highest increased in bond stregth (56.04±11.06MPa) compared to Group 2 (29.09±7.63MPa) and Group 1 (25.55±2.22MPa) and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Application of 10% ascorbic acid to the bleached dentin improved the shear bond strength of resin composite

ENDODONTIC RETREATMENT (A CASE REPORT)

The failure of endodontic treatment is commonly caused by errors in preoperative, operative, and postoperative endodontic treatment. Inadequate final restoration of post-endodontic treatment would impact the success of the treatment. Loose restoration is an example of restoration failure caused by inadequate retention, which leads to penetration of saliva along the root canal. This could dissolve the luting cement and cause microleakage to constantly reach the periradicular areas. If neglected, this situation will result in a periradicular lesion. Endodontic treatment was performed to resolve the failing restorarion. The restoration failed due to inadequate retention. The treatment was needed to prevent more problems to occur sometime in the future

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT CONTAINING 2.9% TANNIN AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS BIOFILM

Objective: The aim of this study was to observe the antibacterial efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.Methods: A biofilm of E. faecalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29212 strain was prepared using sterile cellulose nitrate filter membraneincubated on brain heart infusion agar at 37°C for 72 h under aerobic condition. Each membrane containing E. faecalis biofilm was added to threetubes of phosphate-buffered saline (control), three tubes of GSE, and three tubes of 2% clorhexidine. The number of viable DNA cells was measuredusing real-time polymerase chain reaction. The data were statistically analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U-test.Results: GSE had antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis biofilm. The difference in the amount of E. faecalis DNA between all groups was statisticallysignificant (p=0.05).Conclusion: GSE has antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis biofilm

EFFECTS OF ODONTOCEM AND MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE-ANGELUS TOXICITY ON FIBROBLAST VIABILITY

Objective: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is proven to be biocompatible and is used for pulp capping treatment. Odontocem, calcium silicate-basedcement similar to MTA with the addition of a steroid, has recently been developed and to compare the effects of Odontocem and MTA-Angelus toxicityon fibroblast cell viability.Methods: Fibroblast cells from embryonated chicken eggs were immersed in Odontocem or MTA-Angelus solution for 24 and 72 h. Cell viability wasanalyzed by Microculture Tetrazolium (MTT) 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Results: After 24 h, the Odontocem and MTA-Angelus groups showed significantly lower viability (p<0.05) compared with controls. After 72 h, cellviability was significantly higher in the Odontocem and MTA-Angelus groups. However, there was no significant difference between the Odontocemand MTA-Angelus groups.Conclusions: Odontocem and MTA-Angelus have low toxicity for dental applications

DIFFERENCES IN THE POTENTIAL MUTAGENICITY OF RESIN-, SILICONE-, AND BIOCERAMIC-BASED SEALERS ON LYMPHOCYTES: A PROTEIN EXPRESSION ANALYSIS

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the potential mutagenicity of resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers on proteinexpression in human lymphocytes. There has been limited research on resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers effects on protein expressionin lymphocytes.Methods: Nine samples of each sealer were incubated in 2 mL human blood for 1, 3, and 7 days. Then, the isolated lymphocytes are observed forprotein separation by electrophoresis method. Profile of protein bands observed and data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal–Wallis and post hocMann–Whitney.Results: Although no statistically significant differences in protein bands were observed among the resin-, silicone-, and bioceramic-based sealers(p=0.111), there was a statistically significant difference between the resin- and silicone-based sealers on the 1st day (p=0.046) and 3rd day (p=0.046)and between the silicone- and bioceramic-based sealers on the 1st day (p=0.046). Thus, the present study shows that there were differences in thepotential mutagenicity on the 1st day; resin was potentially more mutagenic followed by bioceramic and silicone. On the 3rd and 7th days, bioceramicwas potentially more mutagenic followed by resin and silicone.Conclusion: The manuscript describes the study in detail and concludes that resin was potentially more mutagenic followed by bioceramic- andsilicone-based sealers

THE EFFECT OF CARBOXYMETHYL CHITOSAN/AMORPHOUS CALCIUM PHOSPHATE TO GUIDE TISSUE REMINERALIZATION OF DENTIN COLLAGEN

Objective: Carboxymethyl chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate (CMC/ACP) can replace the role of dentine matrix protein 1. Guided tissueremineralization (GTR) is a method of extrafibrillar and intrafibrillar collagen remineralization. This study analyzed the ability of CMC/ACP to achieveintrafibrillar and extrafibrillar remineralization on demineralized dentin.Methods: We divided 12 demineralized occlusal cavities into four groups: 7 days control group, 14 days control group, 7 days CMC/ACP group, and14 days CMC/ACP group. In the control group, the cavities were directly filled with temporary restoration material, while the cavities of the CMC/ACPgroups first underwent application of CMC/ACP and were then filled with temporary restoration material. All samples were stored in a 37°C shakingincubator. 12 samples were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and four were analyzed by transmission electron microscope(TEM).Results: From day 7 to day 14, there was a significant increase in calcium and phosphate levels within the CMC/APC groups. The phosphate levelswere much lower than the calcium or minerals formed on the 7th day, in the form of hydroxyapatite. TEM analysis shows that the CMC/ACP groupexhibited more intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar remineralization.Conclusion: CMC/ACP can improve the GTR process

APPLICATION OF GLASS IONOMER CEMENT (GIC) FOR REPAIRING DENTAL PULP BY MEASURING EXPRESSION OF DENTIN MATRIX PROTEIN-1 : APLIKASI SEMEN IONOMER KACA UNTUK PERBAIKAN PULPA GIGI DENGAN MENGUKUR EKSPRESI DENTIN MATRIKS PROTEIN-1

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) has a potential to improve the pulp by inducing Dentin Matrix Protein-1 (DMP-1) release that can mineralize dentin. This study used three types of glass ionomer cements; Conventional GIC i.e. GC Fuji IX; resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) i.e. GC Fuji II LC and Nano particle of RMGIC i.e. Ketac™ N100 3MEspe. The three materials were applied to the tooth pulp of Macaca nemestrina. Expression of DMP-1 extract-dental pulp of the subjects was investigated by using ELISA. This study was statistically analyzed by using Mann-Whitney test. The result showed that GICs has a potential to induce the expression of DMP-1 and there was no significant differences among the three groups of GIC to induce DMP-1(p≥ 0,05). In conclucion, all tested materials have a potential in dental pulp repair by expressing DMP-1

COMPARISON OF DENTINAL TUBULAR PENETRATION OF THREE BIOCERAMIC SEALERS

Objective: The main objective of endodontic treatment is to remove microorganisms from the root canal space and prevents reinfection. Deep penetration of the dentinal tubule is advantageous because it increases the contact area between the root canal filling material and dentin, thereby increasing the sealing quality of the entire root canal system. Bioceramic sealers are biocompatible, nontoxic, non-shrinking, hydrophilic, and stable, do not expand during setting, and can form hydroxyapatite, which then forms chemical bonds with dentin to compare the abilities of three types of bioceramic-based sealers to penetrate the dentinal tubules.Methods: Obturation used three types of bioceramic sealers. Group 1 (calcium phosphate silicate), Group 2 (a mixture of tricalcium silicate and resin), and Group 3 (pure tricalcium silicate) were observed using a scanning electron microscope and measurement of the penetration distance with ImageJ.Results: The bioceramic sealers had statistically significant differences in penetration distance into dentinal tubules (p’s<0.001). The mean penetration value of Group 1 (calcium phosphate silicate) was 115.99 μm, Group 2 (a mixture of tricalcium silicate and resin) was 209.28 μm, and Group 3 (pure tricalcium silicate) was 84.07 μm.Conclusion: Although all three bioceramic sealers penetrated the dentinal tubules, they exhibited differences in their penetration capabilities. Group 2 had the deepest penetration, likely due to the resin content