Children are important too:juvenile playgroups and maternal childcare in a foraging population, the Agta

Non-maternal carers (allomothers) are hypothesized to lighten the mother's workload, allowing for the specialized human life history including relatively short interbirth intervals and multiple dependent offspring. Here, using in-depth observational data on childcare provided to 78 Agta children (a foraging population in the northern Philippines; aged 0-6 years), we explore whether allomaternal childcare substitutes and decreases maternal childcare. We found that allomother caregiving was associated with reduced maternal childcare, but the substitutive effect varied depending on the source and type of care. Children-only playgroups consistently predicted a decrease in maternal childcare. While grandmothers were rarely available, their presence was negatively associated with maternal presence and childcare, and grandmothers performed similar childcare activities to mothers. These results underscore the importance of allomothering in reducing maternal childcare in the Agta. Our findings suggest that flexibility in childcare sources, including children-only playgroups, may have been the key to human life-history evolution. Overall, our results reinforce the necessity of a broad conceptualization of social support in human childcare. This article is part of the theme issue 'Multidisciplinary perspectives on social support and maternal-child health'

Stability of a Nonequilibrium Interface in a Driven Phase Segregating System

We investigate the dynamics of a nonequilibrium interface between coexisting phases in a system described by a Cahn-Hilliard equation with an additional driving term. By means of a matched asymptotic expansion we derive equations for the interface motion. A linear stability analysis of these equations results in a condition for the stability of a flat interface. We find that the stability properties of a flat interface depend on the structure of the driving term in the original equation.Comment: 14 pages Latex, 1 postscript-figur

Characterizing Video Compression Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Can compression parameters used in video encoding be estimated, given only the visual information of the resulting compressed video? If so, these parameters could potentially improve existing parametric video quality estimation models. Today, parametric models use information like bitrate to estimate the quality of a given video. This method is inaccurate since it does not consider the coding complexity of a video. The constant rate factor (CRF) parameter for h.264 encoding aims to keep the quality constant while varying the bitrate, if the CRF for a video is known together with bitrate, a better quality estimate could potentially be achieved. In recent years, artificial neural networks and specifically convolutional neural networks have shown great promise in the field of image processing. In this thesis, convolutional neural networks are investigated as a way of estimating the constant rate factor parameter for a degraded video by identifying the compression artifacts and their relation to the CRF used. With the use of ResNet, a model for estimating the CRF for each frame of a video can be derived, these per-frame predictions are further used in a video classification model which performs a total CRF prediction for a given video. The results show that it is possible to find a relation between the visual encoding artifacts and CRF used. The top-5 accuracy achieved for the model is at 61.9% with the use of limited training data. Given that today’s parametric bitrate based models for quality have no information about coding complexity, even a rough estimate of the CRF could improve the precision of them

Characterizing Video Compression Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Can compression parameters used in video encoding be estimated, given only the visual information of the resulting compressed video? If so, these parameters could potentially improve existing parametric video quality estimation models. Today, parametric models use information like bitrate to estimate the quality of a given video. This method is inaccurate since it does not consider the coding complexity of a video. The constant rate factor (CRF) parameter for h.264 encoding aims to keep the quality constant while varying the bitrate, if the CRF for a video is known together with bitrate, a better quality estimate could potentially be achieved. In recent years, artificial neural networks and specifically convolutional neural networks have shown great promise in the field of image processing. In this thesis, convolutional neural networks are investigated as a way of estimating the constant rate factor parameter for a degraded video by identifying the compression artifacts and their relation to the CRF used. With the use of ResNet, a model for estimating the CRF for each frame of a video can be derived, these per-frame predictions are further used in a video classification model which performs a total CRF prediction for a given video. The results show that it is possible to find a relation between the visual encoding artifacts and CRF used. The top-5 accuracy achieved for the model is at 61.9% with the use of limited training data. Given that today’s parametric bitrate based models for quality have no information about coding complexity, even a rough estimate of the CRF could improve the precision of them

Bostadsplanering : En fallstudie mellan Sverige och England

Validerat; 20160705 (global_studentproject_submitter

When the one who loves strikes - the nurses' experiences of meeting abused women : A qualitative literature review

Bakgrund:  Vid majoriteten av kvinnofridsbrotten är förövaren anhörig eller bekant. Våldets konsekvenser kan orsaka både fysiska, psykiska och sociala svårigheter samt följa kvinnan under lång tid. Genom personcentrerat förhållningssätt kan sjuksköterskan möta kvinnan i den utsatta situationen, skapa tillit och trygghet genom att se och våga fråga.   Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relationer inom akut- och primärvård. Metod: Kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Litteraturöversikten baserades på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar där Fribergs (2017a) femstegsanalys genomförts. Resultat: Två huvudteman och sex subteman formulerades utifrån artiklarnas resultat; Omgivningens inverkan (tid och miljö, kultur och integritet, känslor i relation till mötet). Sjuksköterskors kunskapsläge (identifiering av våldsutsatthet, kompetens och utbildning, professionens ansvarsområden). Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskor uppger att tidsbrist, hög arbetsbelastning och känslor av otillräcklighet är vanligt förekommande. Sjuksköterskan behöver mental förberedelse, stöd och tydliga riktlinjer inför mötet, för att bli tryggare i sin profession. Utbildning och praktisk erfarenhet skapar bättre förutsättningar för sjuksköterskan att erbjuda god personcentrerad vård. Genom ytterligare forskning om ämnet kan sjuksköterskans förutsättningar tillika vården utvecklas och förbättras. Nyckelord: kunskap, kvalitativ design, patientmöte, personcentrerad vård, upplevelse.Background: In the majority of women abuse, the perpetrator knew the woman. The consequences of violence can cause long lasting physical, psychological and social difficulties. Through person-centered approach, nurses can create trust and security with the right attention and questions. Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences of meeting women who have been subjected to violence in close relationships in emergency and primary health care. Method: Qualitative design with an inductive approach. The literature review was based on 13 scientific articles in which Friberg’s (2017a) five-step analysis was conducted. Result: Two main themes and six sub-themes were formulated based on the results of the articles; The impact of the environment (time and the environment, culture and integrity, Emotions in relation to the meeting). Nurses’ state of knowledge (identifying victims of violence, competence and education, responsibilities of the nursing profession). Conclusions: Nurses state that lack of time, high workload and feelings of inadequacy are common. They need mental preparation, support and clear guidelines to become more confident in their profession. Education and practical experience create better conditions for nurses to offer good person-centered care. Through further research the nurse’s conditions as well as care can be improved. Keywords: Experience, knowledge, patient-meeting, person-centered care, qualitative desig

When the one who loves strikes - the nurses' experiences of meeting abused women : A qualitative literature review

Bakgrund:  Vid majoriteten av kvinnofridsbrotten är förövaren anhörig eller bekant. Våldets konsekvenser kan orsaka både fysiska, psykiska och sociala svårigheter samt följa kvinnan under lång tid. Genom personcentrerat förhållningssätt kan sjuksköterskan möta kvinnan i den utsatta situationen, skapa tillit och trygghet genom att se och våga fråga.   Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relationer inom akut- och primärvård. Metod: Kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats. Litteraturöversikten baserades på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar där Fribergs (2017a) femstegsanalys genomförts. Resultat: Två huvudteman och sex subteman formulerades utifrån artiklarnas resultat; Omgivningens inverkan (tid och miljö, kultur och integritet, känslor i relation till mötet). Sjuksköterskors kunskapsläge (identifiering av våldsutsatthet, kompetens och utbildning, professionens ansvarsområden). Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskor uppger att tidsbrist, hög arbetsbelastning och känslor av otillräcklighet är vanligt förekommande. Sjuksköterskan behöver mental förberedelse, stöd och tydliga riktlinjer inför mötet, för att bli tryggare i sin profession. Utbildning och praktisk erfarenhet skapar bättre förutsättningar för sjuksköterskan att erbjuda god personcentrerad vård. Genom ytterligare forskning om ämnet kan sjuksköterskans förutsättningar tillika vården utvecklas och förbättras. Nyckelord: kunskap, kvalitativ design, patientmöte, personcentrerad vård, upplevelse.Background: In the majority of women abuse, the perpetrator knew the woman. The consequences of violence can cause long lasting physical, psychological and social difficulties. Through person-centered approach, nurses can create trust and security with the right attention and questions. Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences of meeting women who have been subjected to violence in close relationships in emergency and primary health care. Method: Qualitative design with an inductive approach. The literature review was based on 13 scientific articles in which Friberg’s (2017a) five-step analysis was conducted. Result: Two main themes and six sub-themes were formulated based on the results of the articles; The impact of the environment (time and the environment, culture and integrity, Emotions in relation to the meeting). Nurses’ state of knowledge (identifying victims of violence, competence and education, responsibilities of the nursing profession). Conclusions: Nurses state that lack of time, high workload and feelings of inadequacy are common. They need mental preparation, support and clear guidelines to become more confident in their profession. Education and practical experience create better conditions for nurses to offer good person-centered care. Through further research the nurse’s conditions as well as care can be improved. Keywords: Experience, knowledge, patient-meeting, person-centered care, qualitative desig