W-types in setoids

W-types and their categorical analogue, initial algebras for polynomial endofunctors, are an important tool in predicative systems to replace transfinite recursion on well-orderings. Current arguments to obtain W-types in quotient completions rely on assumptions, like Uniqueness of Identity Proofs, or on constructions that involve recursion into a universe, that limit their applicability to a specific setting. We present an argument, verified in Coq, that instead uses dependent W-types in the underlying type theory to construct W-types in the setoid model. The immediate advantage is to have a proof more type-theoretic in flavour, which directly uses recursion on the underlying W-type to prove initiality. Furthermore, taking place in intensional type theory and not requiring any recursion into a universe, it may be generalised to various categorical quotient completions, with the aim of finding a uniform construction of extensional W-types.Comment: 17 pages, formalised in Coq; v2: added reference to formalisatio

Employer Preferences and Social Policy: Business and the Development of Job Security Regulations in Germany since World War I

This article examines the role of business in the historical development of job security regulations in Germany from their creation in the inter-war period to the dawn of the crisis of the 'German Model' in the 1980s. It contrasts the varieties of capitalism approach, which sees business as protagonists, or at least consenters, in the development of job security regulations with a conflict-oriented approach, which sees the labour movement as protagonists and business as antagonists in the development of job security regulations. The empirical analysis is based on primary and secondary sources and shows that at no point in time German employers preferred strict over flexible job security regulations. Quite the contrary, high levels of job security regulations have been forced upon employers by radicalized labour movements in periods of business weakness in the aftermath of both World Wars.job security regulations, Germany, institutional change, varieties of capitalism, power resources, industrial relations

Volatile Metal Complexes

The thermodynamics of the formation of gaseous metal complexes and their solvation in nonaqueous solvents is briefly reviewed

Regulation by Incentives: Analytical Tools for a Very Local Approach. An Institutional Framework

In this paper we introduce a theoretical and conceptual framework to analyse the role of monetary and non-monetary incentive schemes in the field of health services and their connections to human resources for health policies. The incentives that we will consider can be divided into four categories: (1) direct financial incentives; (2) indirect financial incentives; (3), non-financial incentives; (4) broader social incentives. Specifically, we stress the relevance of configurations that articulate different kinds of incentive conjointly from a bottom up and from a top down perspective (...)

Non-invasive quantification of exercise-induced changes in regional left ventricular function in normals and patients with one vessel coronary artery disease using radionuclide ventriculography

To quantitate changes in regional left ventricular function induced by ischemia or scar, rest and exercise equilibrium radionuclide studies of 26 patients with one vessel coronary artery disease and 12 normal individuals were analysed with a new method for regional ejection fraction determination. A computer algorithm provided observer-independent segmental analysis from a centre of gravity of the left ventricular activity at end-diastole (left anterior oblique projection). Special segments were assigned for anteroseptal, inferoapical and posterolateral areas corresponding to the three main coronary arteries. Reproducibility using an unchanged camera positioning was excellent even for 2 min acquisition studies (r=0.93) and still good after repositioning (r=0.80 to 0.87). In normal areas, regional ejection fraction increased or showed no change during exercise. In contrast, it decreased significantly in regions supplied by stenosed coronary arteries (ischemia) and remained depressed in scar zones. The method proved to be valid for regional changes induced by left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary obstructions, but less for right coronary artery lesions. Global ejection fraction reflected a sum of all regional changes implying that regional analysis should be more sensitive in detecting coronary artery diseas