A note on Polya groups

Let $K/\mathbf{Q}$ be a finite Galois extension. The P\'olya group of $K$ is the subgroup of the class group $Cl(K)$, generated by the classes of ambiguous ideals of $K$. In this note, among other results, we prove that every finite abelian group is isomorphic to the P\'olya group of a number field

ABIOTIC DEGRADATION OF IODOSULFURON-METHYL-ESTER IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

The abiotic degradation of iodosulfuron-methyl-ester was investigated under both alkaline and acidic pH conditions in the dark, and results showed it to be a rather stable molecule in neutral or slightly alkaline environments. Photochemical reactions were studied using a high-pressure mercury arc lamp, and results showed that direct phototransformation is possible under normal environmental conditions (ì > 290 nm). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS) analyses were used to identify the degradates and to study the kinetics of photodecomposition and hydrolysis. Five main products of iodosulfuron-methyl-ester degradation were tentatively identified, and one of them (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine) was confirmed using an authentic standard. Among the phototransformation mechanisms, photosubstitution of the iodide atom by a hydroxyl group, photodissociation of the N-S bond, and photoassisted hydrolysis were observed. The quantum efficiencies (multiwavelength quantum yield) of the photodegradation under different conditions were determined, and values of 0.054 ( 0.02 (pH 9.6), 0.08 ( 0.02 (pH 7), and 0.044 ( 0.008 (pH 5.3) were obtained

Social capital and the decline in HIV transmission - A case study in three villages in the Kagera region of Tanzania.

We present data from an exploratory case study characterising the social capital in three case villages situated in areas of varying HIV prevalence in the Kagera region of Tanzania. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews revealed a range of experiences by community members, leaders of organisations and social groups. We found that the formation of social groups during the early 1990s was partly a result of poverty and the many deaths caused by AIDS. They built on a tradition to support those in need and provided social and economic support to members by providing loans. Their strict rules of conduct helped to create new norms, values and trust, important for HIV prevention. Members of different networks ultimately became role models for healthy protective behaviour. Formal organisations also worked together with social groups to facilitate networking and to provide avenues for exchange of information. We conclude that social capital contributed in changing HIV related risk behaviour that supported a decline of HIV infection in the high prevalence zone and maintained a low prevalence in the other zones

IMPLEMENTING NATIONAL POLICY AND LOCAL PLANNING - Swedish wind power development and third generation mobile phone system as cases

The paper analyses the permit process for Swedish wind power development in terms of two paradigms of spatial planning and environmental management, and makes a comparison with the Swedish 3G mobile phone infrastructure development. Swedish Parliament has set a goal of 10 TWh annually wind electricity for 2015, and the Swedish Energy Agency has proposed 30 TWh from wind power by 2020. The present 900 windmills would have to increase to between 3000 and 6000. A government commission has examined the possibilities of making the permit processes more efficient to allow for rapid development. A proposal has recently been published. It has been criticised for letting environmental permit procedures replace local planning as the instrument of spatial planning of development. So, on one hand there is a national drive to increase the speed of wind power development, where legal changes is one measure taken, and on the other there is a strong tradition of local dominance in the spatial planning system. Swedish wind power deployment – like the 3G infrastructure – is mainly governed by two sets of legislations with different histories and partly different purposes, the Planning and Building Act (PBA), and the Environmental Code. At present windmills require a building permit and in the case of a wind farm a municipal detailed development plan in accordance with the PBA. Under the Environmental Code larger generators require a permit and smaller ones need to be registered. The PBA processes are municipal whereas the environmental come under the County Administration or the Environmental Court. These two sets of legislation can be seen as expressions of two competing paradigms of environmental governance, the planning paradigm and the environmentalist paradigm for short. They are theoretical constructions based in an analysis of professional cultures of planning and environmental management. They were used also in the analysis of the Swedish 3G development. 3G was developed between 2000 and 2007, with four licence winning operators supposed to build competing systems each covering more than 99,98 percent of the population by 2003. The coverage at that time was substantially lower and the municipal permit handling was blamed and it was considered that this “could not have been foreseen”, helping operators avoid sanctions for breach of licensing conditions. It has been shown that a slow municipal permit process can not explain the lack of coverage. Development of wind power as well as of the 3G infrastructure in Sweden are interesting fields of conflict between national goals for technological development and local spatial planning and governance of land use. They are also instances of the legislative and paradigmatic struggle of the PBA and the Environmental Code. We examine the implications of the attempts to simplify permit processes as an element in this struggle. The paper is based on a study which includes the legal design as well as interviews with key figures in the Swedish wind power development and a study of the 3G development within the research programme “Tools for environmental assessment, MiSt”

Individual Placement and Support is the keyhole : Employer experiences of supporting persons with mental illness

BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation professionals are increasingly interested in the vocational rehabilitation approach called Individual Placement and Support (IPS) for persons with serious mental illness. OBJECTIVE: Since employers play a crucial supporting role for the IPS service user in the workplace, the aim of this study was to explore the experiences and views of employers in Sweden who have participated in the IPS network and taken IPS service users into their workforce. METHODS: Grounded theory with situational analysis was used to analyze data from nine employers. RESULTS: The core category being socially committedwas identified. Six stages/categories illustrated the employer process, from taking on IPS service users to supporting them at work: 1) IPS is the keyhole, 2) being ready to open the door, 3) making a job offer, 4) removing barriers, 5) achieving the goal, and 6) pride mixed with negative feelings. CONCLUSION: The study results suggest that collaborative relationships with employers must be based on trust and professionalism, and that employers must be provided with adequate support

Communicating about AIDS-changes in understanding and coping with help of language in urban Kagera, Tanzania

Faced with the problems of HIV/AIDS, people have to find ways to communicate around them. The aim of this paper is to mirror changes over time in the Kagera people\u27s social cognition regarding HIV/AIDS, using their own language as a tracer of this process. Focus group discussions and personal and group interviews conducted during 1992 to 1995 in urban Bukoba, Kagera, constitute the basis for an analysis of metaphorical expressions in use since 1985. Pronounced uncertainty is later transformed into a deeper understanding of the pandemic and an increased disposition to cope with the situation. Knowledge about the socio-linguistic expressions mapped out in this article can be of help when developing guidelines on how to communicate about interventions

Heterogeneous photochemistry of dicarboxylic acids on mineral dust

SSCI-VIDE+CARE+CEM:CGOInternational audienceDicarboxylic acids have low volatilities and hence are present mostly in the particulate phase, including the surface of dust particles. Mineral dust, globally the mostemitted aerosol, has photocatalytic properties that can initiate photo-induced heterogeneous chemistry of organic compounds, which is still poorly characterized. Weinvestigated the photochemistry offive dicarboxylic acids (DCA) i.e., succinic (butanedioic) acid, glutaric (pentanedioic) acid, adipic (hexanedioic) acid, pimelic(heptanedioic) acid and suberic (octanedioic) acid on Arizona test dust (ATD) particles upon UV-A light irradiation (0–1.4 mW cm−2). Gas-phase products weremonitored by a high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), and surface sorbed products were extracted and analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a heated electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometer (UHPLC-HESI-HRMS). Monoacids and aldehydeswere the main observed and quantified gaseous products. In contrast, shorter chain DCA and highly oxygenated products were found at the surface of the dustparticles. Interestingly, the photochemistry of these DCAs presented an even-odd alternation concerning their heterogeneous reactivity, with odd-numbered carbondiacids being more reactive than their even-numbered homologous ones. We present and discuss a reaction mechanism for the C4–C8DCA heterogeneous photo-oxidation catalysed by TiO2/Fe2O3-rich dust particles. Our results suggest that photochemical processing on dust surfaces should be regarded as a possible efficient pathway for altering their surface properties impacting ice nucleation and cloud condensation propertie

PHOTOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF OXYFLUORFEN: A DIPHENYL-ETHER HERBICIDE

The photochemical behaviour in different solvents of the herbicide oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene (CAS RN 42874–03–3)] was studied. Photochemical reactions were carried out by using a high pressure mercury arc and a solar simulator. Kinetic parameters and quantum yields were determined. Identification of the photoproducts was performed by GC-MS and the main compounds were confirmed by [1H] NMR. The photochemical reactions were also carried out in the presence of either a singlet or a triplet quencher, and in the presence of either a radical initiator or a radical inhibitor. Results indicate that the first excited singlet state can undergo both homolytic and heterolytic cleavage of the ethyl-oxygen bond in the side chain of oxyfluorfen. Moreover, the presence of reduction products in the reaction mixture is supposed to occur via a monoelectron transfer process with the formation of a transient exciplex during the reaction