The Effect of Income on Demand for Micronutrients in Poor Rural Mexico

We estimate income elasticities for a variety of macro- and micro-nutrients using a sample of poor rural households in Mexico. The nutrient-income elasticity is estimated using a linear regression model controlling both for the clustered nature of our data and for the bias due to measurement error in nutrient consumption at the household level. Our preferred estimates (instrumental variable-fixed effect specification for the sample of all households) show a sizeable positive elasticity for some nutrients (especially vitamin A 0.8, vitamin C 0.69 and calcium 0.45). For other nutrients the effect of income on the consumption is still significant but very small (elasticity for fiber is only 0.09 and for iron 0.08). We also test for the robustness of our estimates using a semi-parametric estimator (partially linear model) and whether the presence of zero consumption for specific micronutrients in our sample, such as cholesterol and heme iron, can be a source of bias for our estimates.vitamin A , vitamin C; folate; iron; zinc; calcium; calories; protein; fat; carbohydrates; Income elasticity; partially linear model.

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) refers to heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders of childhood that disrupt bile formation and present with cholestasis of hepatocellular origin. The exact prevalence remains unknown, but the estimated incidence varies between 1/50,000 and 1/100,000 births

Defining the natural history of rare genetic liver diseases:Lessons learned from the NAPPED initiative

While rare diseases collectively affect similar to 300 million people worldwide, the prevalence of each disease concerns a relatively small number of patients. Usually, only limited data with regard to natural history are available. Multicenter initiatives are needed to aggregate data and answer clinically relevant research questions. In 2017, we launched the NAtural course and Prognosis of PFIC and Effect of biliary Diversion (NAPPED) consortium. In three years, NAPPED created a global network focused on rare genetic liver diseases in the Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (PFIC) spectrum. During these years, we have learned important lessons which we feel should be taken into account when initiating and leading a global consortium.First, it is essential to 'keep it simple' from the start. Research questions, case report forms (CRFs) and data acquisition should be limited and clear to stay focused and keep the workload low for new participants. Secondly, early rewards and research output are needed to keep momentum and motivation. Quick output can only follow a clean and simple design. Thirdly, the leading team should be in touch and accessible. Ideally, an involved PhD-candidate is appointed as primary contact person. Lastly, be inclusive and actively involve all participants the consortium's course.Global consortia are critical for personalized medicine in rare diseases. Also, they are essential for setting up trials to investigate generic drugs and personalized therapies. We hope to herewith stimulate others that are starting (or are planning to start) a global consortium, ultimately to help improve the care for patients with a rare disease.</p

CD25 Appears Non Essential for Human Peripheral Treg Maintenance In Vivo

Background: IL-2 has been reported to be critical for peripheral T reg survival in mouse models. Here, we examined T reg maintenance in a series of paediatric liver transplant recipients who received basiliximab, a therapeutic anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody. Methodology/Principal Findings: FoxP3 + CD4 T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry before liver grafting and more than 9 months later. We found that in vivo CD25 blockade did not lead to Treg depletion: the proportion of FoxP3 + cells among CD4 T cells and the level of FoxP3 expression were both unchanged. IL-2Rb expression was enhanced in FoxP3 + cells both before and after basiliximab treatment, while the level of IL-2Rc expression was similar in Tregs and non-Tregs. No significant change in the weak or absent expression of IL-7Ra and IL-15Ra expression on FoxP3 + cells was observed. Although the proportion of FoxP3 + cells among CD4 T cells did not vary, food allergies occurred more rapidly after liver grafting in patients who received basiliximab, raising questions as to T reg functionality in vivo in the absence of functional CD25. Conclusions: CD25 appears non essential for human Treg peripheral maintenance in vivo. However, our results rais

Genotype-phenotype relationships of truncating mutations, p.E297G and p.D482G in bile salt export pump deficiency

Compound heterozygosity; Genotype; PhenotypeHeterocigosidad compuesta; Genotipo; FenotipoHeterozigositat composta; Genotip; FenotipBackground & Aims Bile salt export pump (BSEP) deficiency frequently necessitates liver transplantation in childhood. In contrast to two predicted protein truncating mutations (PPTMs), homozygous p.D482G or p.E297G mutations are associated with relatively mild phenotypes, responsive to surgical interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (siEHC). The phenotype of patients with a compound heterozygous genotype of one p.D482G or p.E297G mutation and one PPTM has remained unclear. We aimed to assess their genotype-phenotype relationship. Methods From the NAPPED database, we selected patients with homozygous p.D482G or p.E297G mutations (BSEP1/1; n = 31), with one p.D482G or p.E297G, and one PPTM (BSEP1/3; n = 30), and with two PPTMs (BSEP3/3; n = 77). We compared clinical presentation, native liver survival (NLS), and the effect of siEHC on NLS. Results The groups had a similar median age at presentation (0.7-1.3 years). Overall NLS at age 10 years was 21% in BSEP1/3 vs. 75% in BSEP1/1 and 23% in BSEP3/3 (p <0.001). Without siEHC, NLS in the BSEP1/3 group was similar to that in BSEP3/3, but considerably lower than in BSEP1/1 (at age 10 years: 38%, 30%, and 71%, respectively; p = 0.003). After siEHC, BSEP1/3 and BSEP3/3 were associated with similarly low NLS, while NLS was much higher in BSEP1/1 (10 years after siEHC, 27%, 14%, and 92%, respectively; p <0.001). Conclusions Individuals with BSEP deficiency with one p.E297G or p.D482G mutation and one PPTM have a similarly severe disease course and low responsiveness to siEHC as those with two PPTMs. This identifies a considerable subgroup of patients who are unlikely to benefit from interruption of the enterohepatic circulation by either surgical or ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor treatment. Impact and implications This manuscript defines the clinical features and prognosis of individuals with BSEP deficiency involving the combination of one relatively mild and one very severe BSEP deficiency mutation. Until now, it had always been assumed that the mild mutation would be enough to ensure a relatively good prognosis. However, our manuscript shows that the prognosis of these patients is just as poor as that of patients with two severe mutations. They do not respond to biliary diversion surgery and will likely not respond to the new IBAT (ileal bile acid transporter) inhibitors, which have recently been approved for use in BSEP deficiency.1. MD/PhD scholarship from the University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 2. ESPGHAN Networking Grant 2019 3. ChiLDReN and CTSA National Institutes of Health grants: Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago: U01DK062436; University of Colorado, Denver: U01DK62453, UL1 TR002535; Baylor college of Medicine, Houston: U01DK103149; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia: U01DK062481, UL1TR000003; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh: U01DK062466; University of California, San Francisco U01DK062500; University of California, San Francisco CTSI grant UL1TR001872; Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis: U01DK084536; Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle: DK084575; Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, California: U01DK084538. 4. Unrestrictive research grant from Albireo 5. Unrestrictive research grant from Mirum Pharmaceuticals. 6. C&W de Boer Stichting research grant

Clima laboral y compromiso organizacional en un centro médico de salud ocupacional, Chiclayo – 2022

La presente investigación de tipo descriptivo correlacional y diseño no experimental, tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre el Clima Laboral y el Compromiso Organizacional, así como determinar la categoría de clima y el nivel de compromiso, además de determinar la relación entre los factores del Clima laboral con las dimensiones del Compromiso en un Centro Médico de Salud Ocupacional en la ciudad de Chiclayo. En esta investigación se empleó la totalidad de su población. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que no existe relación significativa entre ambas variables, además se comprobó que la categoría de clima laboral es favorable representado por el 47% y que el nivel de compromiso es bajo demostrado por el 74%. Conjuntamente, se comprobó que no existe relación significativa alguna entre los factores de clima (Autorrealización, Involucramiento Laboral, Comunicación, Supervisión y Condiciones Laborales) y las dimensiones de compromiso (Afectivo, Normativo y de Continuidad)

Reading Comprehension and Behavior in Children Using E-books vs. Printed Books

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence that personalized, gamified, and PDF electronic reading practices have on the attitudes which fifth-grade students possess toward e-reading experiences, as well as how these stances affect the students' motivation and reading comprehension while they are learning English as a second/foreign language (EFL). For the purpose of the study, there were a total of 84 fifth-grade kids from public schools in Greece, who participated. These students were split up into three different experimental groups and a control one. Participants in the experimental groups read throughout the treatment period according to a preset schedule using one of three diverse electronic reading formats (PDF, gamified, or customized), whilst participants in the control group read utilizing a paper guided reading plan. The participants' experiences playing video games online were analyzed via a technique called the quasi-experimental approach. According to the findings of the research, the experimental group and the control group did not significantly vary from one another in terms of their levels of reading comprehension. On the other hand, in comparison to the participants in the control group, those who took part in the experiments reported having more favorable sentiments regarding their electronic reading experiences and were more inspired to read. As indicated from the research findings, kids may experience an increase in their desire to read when they use electronic gadgets. This study has implications for educators and policymakers as they consider incorporating digital reading practices into their teaching methods, particularly when it comes to improving students' motivation to read

Evaluación de la calidad de leche en una asociación de pequeños ganaderos en la sierra norte de Lima, Perú

Objectives: To evaluate the physicochemical quality of milk from Criollo cattle and determine if it meets the requirements of the Peruvian Technical Standard NTP 202.001:2016. Methodology: The study was conducted in cattle of the Los Molinos Cattle Breeders Association, located in the district of Gorgor, Lima - Peru. Six milk samples were taken weekly for two months, for the analysis of: density (D), fresh milk temperature (TL), freezing point (PC), electrical conductivity (EC), fat percentage (G), non-fat solids (NFS), protein (P), lactose (L), milk watering measure (AL), and total solids percentage (TS). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the Minitab v18 program. Results: The physicochemical analysis of milk determined the following values: D, 1.029 ± 0.001; TL, 15.245 ± 1.551; PC, -0.500±.0093 °C; EC, 4.004±0.073; G, 3.549±0.299; SNG, 8.8113±0.10302 g/100; P, 3.298±0.035, L, 4.209±0.055, AL, 0.0613±.17324; ST, 12.3563±.28550 %. Conclusions: The cow's milk produced in the Los Molinos - Gorgor district association meets the requirements of the Peruvian Technical Standard. Key words: cow, physical-chemical quality, small cattle breeder, Gorgor, Peruvian Technical Standard.Objetivos: Evaluar la calidad físico-química de leche del ganado bovino criollo y determinar si cumple las exigencias de la Norma Técnica Peruana NTP 202.001:2016 . Metodología: El estudio se realizó en el ganado de la Asociación de Ganaderos Los Molinos, ubicado en el distrito de Gorgor, Lima – Perú. Se tomaron seis muestras de leche semanales durante dos meses, para el análisis de: densidad (D), temperatura de leche fresca (TL), punto de congelación (PC), conductividad eléctrica (CE), porcentaje de grasa (G), sólidos no grasos (SNG), proteína (P), lactosa (L), medida del aguado de leche (AL), y porcentaje de sólidos totales (ST). Los datos se analizaron mediante la estadística descriptiva, con el programa Minitab v.18. Resultados: El análisis fisicoquímico de leche determinó los siguientes valores: D, 1,029 ± 0,001; TL, 15,245 ± 1,551; PC, -0,500±,0093 °C; CE, 4,004±0,073; G, 3,549±0,299; SNG, 8,8113±0,10302 g/100; P, 3,298±0,035, L, 4,209±0,055, AL, 0,0613±,17324; ST, 12,3563±,28550 %. Conclusiones: La leche de vaca producida en la asociación Los Molinos - distrito Gorgor, cumple con las exigencias de la Norma Técnica Peruana

Diagnóstico operativo empresarial de la planta Procesadora Industrial Río Seco

El trabajo de investigación desarrollado en la presente tesis es fruto de un profundo análisis y revisión del estado de las operaciones de la Procesadora Industrial Río Seco S.A., que es una empresa subsidiaria de la Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A. El objetivo de este trabajo es diagnosticar las actividades operativas de la empresa y contrastarlas con las mejores prácticas y métodos para detectar oportunidades de mejora. Esto se logró mediante el uso de conceptos y técnicas aprendidos durante la maestría, tales como la comprensión de la cultura organizacional hasta el análisis contable de los estados financieros de la empresa. Gracias a ello, se identificaron puntos en los cuales el desempeño de la empresa es de gran nivel y puntos en donde aún puede mejorar. Las recomendaciones generadas tras este estudio buscan mejorar la rentabilidad de la empresa, así como su desarrollo competitivo y sostenibilidad. En el presente trabajo de investigación se describe a la empresa y su contexto con un especial énfasis en el proceso productivo de lixiviación de concentrado Pb-Ag-Mn, el cual es la razón de ser del negocio. A continuación, detallamos aspectos tales como los productos elaborados, dimensionamiento de planta, capacidad instalada, planificación, operación, cadena de suministro, costos operacionales y la gestión de mantenimiento. El análisis de cada uno de estos puntos se llevó a cabo haciendo uso de la bibliografía especializada en cada tema en cuestión. Al final, se determinan las buenas prácticas de la empresa, se calculan costos adicionales en los que incurren y las nuevas herramientas que deben emplear para lograr un desempeño de clase mundial. Por lo tanto, se señala que la implementación de las propuestas de mejora requiere una inversión de USD 1’693,425 y como resultado se puede obtener una rentabilidad estimada de USD 6’474,086 en cinco años.In this thesis, we are presenting a business operating diagnosis of the Industrial Plant Río Seco after a rigorous data collection and analysis. The company is a subsidiary of Compañía de Minas Buenaventura, one of the biggest mining companies in Peru. The development of this diagnosis was possible because of the use of every concept learnt in our MBA, like leadership, financial analysis and organizational behavior. Due to the application of those concepts we were able to identify the critical points that generate economical losses to the company and, therefore, propose ideas to make Rio Seco profitable and sustainable across time. In the present research, the company and its context are described, with a special emphasis on the leaching of Pb-Ag concentrate, which is the core of the business. Then, we detail aspects such as the elaboration of products, plant dimensions, total capacity installed, planning, operation, supply chain, costs and maintenance management. The analysis of each of these points was carried out by using the specialized bibliography on each subject in question. At the end, the good practices of the company are determined and the additional costs incurred are determined. Finally, the tools that the company must use to achieve a world-class performance are proposed. Therefore, it is pointed out that the implementation of the improvement proposals requires an investment of USD 1’693,425 and as a result, an estimated return of USD 6’474,086 in five years can be obtained.Tesi

Childhood Malnutrition and Association of Lean Mass with Metabolome and Hormone Profile in Later Life.

This study aimed to determine the associations of targeted metabolomics and hormone profiles data with lean mass index (LMI), which were estimated using bioelectrical impedance, in survivors of child severe malnutrition (SM) (n = 69) and controls (n = 77) in Malawi 7 years after being treated. Linear associations between individual metabolite or hormone and LMI were determined, including their interaction with nutrition status 7 years prior. Path analysis was performed to determine structural associations. Lastly, predictive models for LMI were developed using the metabolome and hormone profile by elastic net regularized regression (EN). Metabolites including several lipids, amino acids, and hormones were individually associated (p < 0.05 after false discovery rate correction) with LMI. However, plasma FGF21 (Control: ? = -0.02, p = 0.59; Case: ? = -0.14, p < 0.001) and tryptophan (Control: ? = 0.15, p = 0.26; Case: ? = 0.70, p < 0.001) were associated with LMI among cases but not among controls (both interaction p-values < 0.01). Moreover, path analysis revealed that tryptophan mediates the association between child SM and LMI. EN revealed that most predictors of LMI differed between groups, further indicating altered metabolic mechanisms driving lean mass accretion among SM survivors later in life