Chiari I malformation presenting with ganglion cell complex thinning on routine examination

Chiari I malformation (CMI) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by the caudal displacement of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum into the cervical canal(1). Ophthalmological signs include retro-orbital pain, diplopia, photophobia, impaired visual acuity, nystagmus, strabismus, and papilledema(2-4). The diagnosis is mostly based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings © This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributions 4.0 International License

Choroidal structural changes determined by the binarization method after intravitreal aflibercept treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration

AIM: To assess the choroidal structural alterations after intravitreal injection of aflibercept in neovascular agerelated macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: Fifty eyes with treatment-naïve nAMD were evaluated at baseline, 3rd, and 12th month. Fifty eyes of 50 healthy subjects were also included as controls. Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured in the subfoveal region. Total circumscribed choroidal area (CA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was calculated using Image J. RESULTS: At baseline, subfoveal CT was increased in nAMD patients compared to controls (P=0.321). Eyes with nAMD had a significantly increased total circumscribed CA and SA (P=0.041, 0.005, respectively). The CVI was decreased (P=0.038). In the 3rd month, the subfoveal CT, LA, and CVI revealed a decrease (P=0.005, P=0.039, 0.043, respectively). In the 12th month, subfoveal CT, LA, and CVI were decreased in comparison to baseline measures (P[removed

Electronic Device Screen Time and Meibomian Gland Morphology in Children

Purpose: To investigate changes in meibomian gland morphology and impact of electronic device usage time on meibomian glands in pediatric age group. Methods: In this prospective study, 149 eyes of 149 children were enrolled. The participants also completed the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire and provided information regarding weekly hours spent in front of a digital screen. Meibography was performed in all subjects. Grading of images was evaluated using a previously validated 5-point meiboscale (0–4) for meibomian gland atrophy and a 3-point scale for meibomian gland tortuosity (0–2). Results: Of the 149 enrolled children, 83 (55.7%) were female and 66 (44.3%) male. The mean age was 13.0 ± 3.0 (range: 5–18) years. The mean loss of meibomian gland area was 20.80 ± 9.32%. The mean meiboscore was 1.20 ± 0.58 for gland atrophy and the mean tortuosity score was 0.99 ± 0.62. The mean screen time was 29.32 ± 16.18 hr/week. There was a weak and significantly positive correlation between loss of meibomian gland area and screen time (r = 0.210, p = 0.010). There was a weak and significantly positive correlation between meiboscore for gland atrophy and screen time (r = 0.188, p = 0.022). We found a weak but significantly positive correlation between meibomian gland tortuosity and screen time (r = 0.142, p = 0.033). Conclusion: Meibomian gland morphology may show changes in pediatric age group and excessive screen time may be a factor triggering these changes in gland morphology

Short-term effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on choroidal vascularity

Purpose: To determine the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors on choroidal vascularity using the binarization method in a group of treatment-naïve hypertensive patients. Methods: There were 48 treatment-naive hypertensive patients who were diagnosed according to the "2013 European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology" guideline and started angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril (Coversyl) in the study. As a control group, 48 healthy volunteers were randomly selected among people who attended the outpatient clinic for routine ophthalmological examination. Enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) images were captured at baseline and at 1 month after treatment. Binarization of the EDI-OCT images was performed by Image-J software. The choroidal thickness (CT), total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were measured. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in CT at all locations (subfoveal, nasal, and temporal) at 1 month after treatment compared with baseline (for all, p˂0.001). Choroidal structural parameters and the mean CVI were statistically significantly increased at 1 month after treatment (for all, p˂0.001). When compared, there was no statistically significant difference for the vascular parameters between the control group and the patient group at 1 month (for all, p>0.05). Conlusion: A statistically significant improvement was demonstrated in the choroidal vascular parameters except for the stromal area after treating with an ACE inhibitor in a group of hypertensive patients. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

Choroidal vascularity index after a single dose of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with refractory diabetic macular oedema

Purpose: To evaluate choroidal vascularity index (CVI) after a single dose of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in refractory diabetic macular oedema (DME). Methods: Total choroidal area, luminal area, and CVI were measured at baseline, 1st month, and at 3rd month after dexamethasone implant using binarization of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) images. Results: A total of 25 eyes of 25 patients (mean age: 61.4 ± 8.3 years; 12 males, 13 females), were enroled in the study. All eyes had been previously treated with intravitreal aflibercept injections (mean number of injections 4.6 ± 2.5). Mean CVI was 70.3 ± 8.1 prior to intravitreal dexamethasone treatment. It was decreased to 66.1 ± 9.3 at 1 month and 63.5 ± 10.1 at 3 months after treatment. The mean CVI was significantly decreased at 3 months compared with pre-treatment measures (p = 0.033). Conclusion: CVI was found to be decreased in patients who responded to intravitreal dexamethasone implant. © 2022 Elsevier B.V

Vascular and structural alterations of the choroid evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography and enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen and soft drusen

Background: To assess the vascularity of choriocapillaris and structural choroidal differences in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) and soft drusen. Methods: 21 eyes with RPD (group 1), 17 eyes with soft drusen (group 2), and 19 eyes as a control group (group 3) were included in this study. Choriocapillaris vascular density and flow area were measured by optical coherence tomography angiography. Total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and lumen/stroma ratios were measured on optical coherence tomography B-scans converted to binary images. Results: Mean choriocapillaris vascular density was higher in group 3 than other groups (group 1 vs 3, p = 0.001; group 2 vs 3, p = 0.003). Mean flow area in choriocapillaris was higher in group 3 than other groups (group 1 vs 3, p = 0.001; group 2 vs 3, p = 0.001). Mean luminal, stromal, and total choroidal areas decreased in group 1 and group 2 compared to controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The stroma ratio decreased in group 1 compared to group 3 (p = 0.013). The lumen ratio and lumen/stroma ratio increased in group 1 compared to group 3 (p = 0.012 and p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusions: The choroid of eyes with RPD and soft drusen was affected in both choriocapillaris and whole choroid layer. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

Structural alterations of the choroid evaluated using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in patients with coronavirus disease

Purpose: To assess choroidal changes using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods: Thirty-two patients with moderate COVID-19 and 34 healthy subjects were included in the study. Choroidal thickness was measured at 3 points as follows: at the subfovea, 1500 mm nasal to the fovea, and 1500 mm temporal to the fovea. The total choroidal area, luminal area, stromal area, and choroidal vascular index were measured with Image-J. All the measurements were performed during the disease and at 4 months after remission. Results: In the patient group, the subfoveal, nasal, and temporal choroidal thicknesses were decreased as compared with those in the controls, but without statistically significant differences (p=0.534, p=0.437, and p=0.077, respectively). The mean total choroidal, stromal, and luminal areas and choroidal vascular index were statistically significantly decreased in the patient group (p<0.001, p=0.001, p=0.001, and p=0.003; respectively). At 4 months after remission, the choroidal structural parameters and choroidal vascular index revealed statistically significant increases as compared with the baseline measurements in the patients with COVID-19 (all p<0.001 and p=0.047, respectively). Conclusion: The choroidal vascular and stromal parameters showed significant transient decreases during the disease course of COVID-19. © This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attributions 4.0 International License

Choroidal vascularity index and retinal nerve fiber layer reflectivity in newly diagnosed migraine patients

Purpose: To evaluate the choroidal structural parameters, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and optic density index (ODI) and their correlations in patients with migraine. Methods: Twenty-eight newly diagnosed migraine patients and 28 age-matched healthy controls were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. The enhanced depth-optical coherence tomography images were evaluated. The choroidal area (CA) was binarized to the luminal area (LA) and stromal area (SA) using Image J. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI), the mean peripapillary RNFL thickness, superior-inferior-nasal-temporal quadrant RNFL thicknesses, and the ODI were compared statistically. Results: The difference in the mean CVI between the patient group and controls reached a statistical significance (p=0.035). The mean RNFL thickness was significantly decreased in patients with migraine compared with the controls (p=0.040). The mean RNFL thickness in the superior, temporal, and inferior quadrants was significantly decreased in the patient group in comparison to the control subjects (p=0.030, p=0.001, and p=0.022, respectively). There were no significant differences between the migraine group and the controls for the mean ODI of RNFL (p=0.399). Conclusion: The CVI and the RNFL thickness except for the nasal quadrant were significantly decreased in newly diagnosed migraine patients. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

Kuanşi İm Pusar’da Birleşik Fiil Kuruluşları

Orta Asya Türk tarihinde Köktürklerden sonra bağımsızlıklarını kazanıp tarih sahnesine çıkan devlet, Uygurlar (M 744-840) olmuştur. Uygurlar, Ötüken merkezindeki bu hâkimiyetini yaklaşık yüz yıl devam ettirdikten sonra Kırgızların yenilgisine uğramış ve farklı şehirlere göç etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Uygurların bir kısmı Doğu Türkistan’a bir kısmı Kansu bölgesine gitmiş ve burada konar-göçer yaşamı terk ederek yerleşik yaşam tarzına geçmişlerdir. Zaman içerisinde farklı inanç sistemlerini benimsemiş olan Uygurlar, bu inanç çevrelerine ait pek çok eser ortaya koymuşlardır. Hem yerleşik yaşamın hem de farklı inanç ve kültür çevrelerinin kazandırdığı yeni kavramları karşılamak üzere Eski Uygur Türkçesinde sözcük türetme ve birleştirme faaliyetleri başlamıştırBu makalede de Eski Uygur Türkçesi dönemi Buddhist çevre metinlerinden olan ve sudur türünde kaleme alınmış Asîl Dinin Nilüfer Çiçeği anlamına gelen eserin 25. bölümünde yer alan Kuanşi İm Pusar adlı metin, Eski Uygur Türkçesi dönemi “sözcük birleştirme” faaliyetleri bağlamında, birleşik fiil yapıları açısından ele alınacak ve bu birleşik fiiller, kuruluş şekillerine göre tasnif edilecektir.Bu çalışmada, Şinasi Tekin’in Eski Uygur Türkçesine ait dört nüshasını karşılaştırmak suretiyle ele aldığı ve Atatürk Üniversitesi yayınlarından 1960 yılında neşredilmiş olan Uygurca Metinler I Kuanşi İm Pusar (Ses İşiten İlah) adlı eseri esas alınacaktır.Bazen şekil bazen de anlam itibarıyla ilk defa Eski Uygur Türkçesi döneminde karşımıza çıkan bu birleşik fiiller, söz varlığını güçlendiren ve zenginleştiren yapılar olmakla birlikte Türk dilinin gelişim sürecini ortaya koyan önemli ve belirleyici göstergelerdendir.Anahtar kelimeler: Söz varlığı, sözdizimi, birleşik fiiller, Eski Uygur Türkçesi, Kuanşi İm Pusar