7 research outputs found
Evidence Acquisition and Evaluation for Evidence Summit on Enhancing Provision and Use of Maternal Health Services through Financial Incentives
Recognizing the need for evidence to inform US Government and
governments of the low- and middleincome countries on efficient,
effective maternal health policies, strategies, and programmes, the US
Government convened the Evidence Summit on Enhancing Provision and Use
of Maternal Health Services through Financial Incentives in April 2012
in Washington, DC, USA. This paper summarizes the background and
methods for the acquisition and evaluation of the evidence used for
achieving the goals of the Summit. The goal of the Summit was to obtain
multidisciplinary expert review of literature to inform both US
Government and governments of the low- and middle-income countries on
evidence-informed practice, policies, and strategies for financial
incentives. Several steps were undertaken to define the tasks for the
Summit and identify the appropriate evidence for review. The process
began by identifying focal questions intended to inform governments of
the low-and middle-income countries and the US Government about the
efficacy of supply- and demand-side financial incentives for enhanced
provision and use of quality maternal health services. Experts were
selected representing the research and programme communities, academia,
relevant non-governmental organizations, and government agencies and
were assembled into Evidence Review Teams. This was followed by a
systematic process to gather relevant peer-reviewed literature that
would inform the focal questions. Members of the Evidence Review Teams
were invited to add relevant papers not identified in the initial
literature review to complete the bibliography. The Evidence Review
Teams were asked to comply with a specific evaluation framework for
recommendations on practice and policy based on both expert opinion and
the quality of the data. Details of the search processes and methods
used for screening and quality reviews are described
Recommended from our members
Ten new insights in climate science 2022
Non-technical summary
We summarize what we assess as the past year's most important findings within climate change research: limits to adaptation, vulnerability hotspots, new threats coming from the climate–health nexus, climate (im)mobility and security, sustainable practices for land use and finance, losses and damages, inclusive societal climate decisions and ways to overcome structural barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C.
Technical summary
We synthesize 10 topics within climate research where there have been significant advances or emerging scientific consensus since January 2021. The selection of these insights was based on input from an international open call with broad disciplinary scope. Findings concern: (1) new aspects of soft and hard limits to adaptation; (2) the emergence of regional vulnerability hotspots from climate impacts and human vulnerability; (3) new threats on the climate–health horizon – some involving plants and animals; (4) climate (im)mobility and the need for anticipatory action; (5) security and climate; (6) sustainable land management as a prerequisite to land-based solutions; (7) sustainable finance practices in the private sector and the need for political guidance; (8) the urgent planetary imperative for addressing losses and damages; (9) inclusive societal choices for climate-resilient development and (10) how to overcome barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C.
Social media summary
Science has evidence on barriers to mitigation and how to overcome them to avoid limits to adaptation across multiple fields
Evidence Acquisition and Evaluation for Evidence Summit on Population-Level Behavior Change to Enhance Child Survival and Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection among Unvaccinated High-Risk Young Adults
Oral HPV infection, the cause of most oropharyngeal cancer in the U.S., is not well studied among high-risk young adults. Men (n = 340) and women (n = 270) aged 18–25 years attending Baltimore County STD clinics were recruited if they declined HPV vaccination. Each participant had a 30-second oral rinse and gargle sample tested for 37 types of HPV DNA, and a risk-factor survey. Factors associated with prevalent infection were explored using log binomial regression. Men had higher prevalence of any oral HPV (15.3% vs. 7.8%, p = 0.004) and vaccine-type oral HPV (i.e., HPV16/18/6/11: 5.0% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.007) infection than women. In multivariate analysis, male gender (aPR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.10–3.39), number of recent oral sex partners (p-trend = 0.013) and having ever performed oral sex on a woman (aPR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.06–2.82) were associated with increased oral HPV prevalence. Performing oral sex on a woman may confer higher risk of oral HPV acquisition than performing oral sex on a man
Risk Factors for Oral HPV Infection among a High Prevalence Population of HIV-Positive and At-Risk HIV-Negative Adults
Interpersonal communication regarding pregnancy-related services: friends versus health professionals as conduits for information
Ten new insights in climate science 2022
Non-technical summary We summarize what we assess as the past year's most important findings within climate change research: limits to adaptation, vulnerability hotspots, new threats coming from the climate-health nexus, climate (im)mobility and security, sustainable practices for land use and finance, losses and damages, inclusive societal climate decisions and ways to overcome structural barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C. Technical summary We synthesize 10 topics within climate research where there have been significant advances or emerging scientific consensus since January 2021. The selection of these insights was based on input from an international open call with broad disciplinary scope. Findings concern: (1) new aspects of soft and hard limits to adaptation; (2) the emergence of regional vulnerability hotspots from climate impacts and human vulnerability; (3) new threats on the climate-health horizon - some involving plants and animals; (4) climate (im)mobility and the need for anticipatory action; (5) security and climate; (6) sustainable land management as a prerequisite to land-based solutions; (7) sustainable finance practices in the private sector and the need for political guidance; (8) the urgent planetary imperative for addressing losses and damages; (9) inclusive societal choices for climate-resilient development and (10) how to overcome barriers to accelerate mitigation and limit global warming to below 2°C. Social media summary Science has evidence on barriers to mitigation and how to overcome them to avoid limits to adaptation across multiple fields