39 research outputs found

    Apports des omiques du tissu adipeux dans la compréhension des mécanismes adaptatifs aprÚs une perte de poids chez les patients obÚses

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    L'obĂ©sitĂ© est une maladie chronique Ă©volutive, pour laquelle le traitement mĂ©dical reste mis en Ă©chec sur le long terme. Perdre du poids et maintenir cette perte durant plusieurs annĂ©es demeure un dĂ©fi pour un bon nombre de patients obĂšses. Un excĂšs d'adipositĂ© est clairement associĂ© Ă  un certain nombre de co-morbiditĂ©s dont la rĂ©sistance Ă  l'action de l'insuline. L'objectif du traitement de l'obĂ©sitĂ© est non seulement la perte de poids mais aussi la prise en charge des co-morbiditĂ©s associĂ©es. Depuis quelques annĂ©es, de nouveaux concepts ont Ă©mergĂ© quant au rĂŽle du tissu adipeux dans le dĂ©veloppement de la rĂ©sistance Ă  l'insuline et ce tissu apparait comme un objet d'Ă©tude de premier plan. Les adaptations mĂ©taboliques et molĂ©culaires se produisant Ă  son niveau lors d'une perte de poids restent mal connues. Une approche multidisciplinaire impliquant l'intĂ©gration de donnĂ©es cliniques, biochimiques et omiques est essentiel pour apprĂ©hender toute la complexitĂ© de ces adaptations Ă  la perte pondĂ©rale. Les objectifs de cette thĂšse Ă©taient : 1. d'identifier les dĂ©terminants cliniques, biologiques et gĂ©nĂ©tiques de l'expression de gĂšnes dans le tissu adipeux sous cutanĂ© abdominal lors d'une intervention diĂ©tĂ©tique de grande ampleur enrĂŽlant des patients obĂšses ou en surpoids. 2. D'Ă©tudier les relations entre les variations d'expression des gĂšnes du tissu adipeux, les changements de la composition en acides gras du tissu adipeux et les modifications cliniques et biologiques dans cette mĂȘme cohorte. 3. De savoir si la variation d'expression de gĂšnes pouvait expliquer voire prĂ©dire l'Ă©volution de la rĂ©sistance Ă  l'insuline durant ce mĂȘme protocole. DiOGenes est une Ă©tude europĂ©enne multicentrique d'intervention nutritionnelle chez plus de 700 patients obĂšses ou en surpoids, associant une phase de restriction calorique de 8 semaines Ă  l'issue de laquelle les patients, qui avaient perdu au moins 8% de leur poids initial, Ă©taient randomisĂ©s en 5 branches ad libitum pour un suivi de 6 mois : 4 groupes Ă©taient assignĂ©s Ă  un rĂ©gime variant selon la teneur en protĂ©ine et l'index glycĂ©mique, et un groupe tĂ©moin. Chez 311 patients de cette cohorte, nous avons montrĂ© que l'expression de 271 gĂšnes du tissu adipeux sous-cutanĂ©, Ă©tait influencĂ© par le sexe des sujets et ce, de façon indĂ©pendante de la masse grasse, du statut nutritionnel et des chromosomes sexuels. Nous avons Ă©galement observĂ© que l'expression diffĂ©rentielle de plusieurs gĂšnes Ă©tait significativement associĂ©e Ă  la prĂ©sence d'un syndrome mĂ©tabolique chez ces patients. Enfin, le contrĂŽle de l'expression des gĂšnes par les marqueurs du polymorphisme gĂ©nĂ©tique cis n'Ă©tait pas affectĂ© par le sexe des individus, ni par le statut nutritionnel. Nous avons Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ© la composition en acides gras du tissu adipeux de 135 femmes ayant suivi ce programme et l'avons confrontĂ©e aux donnĂ©es d'expression gĂ©nique et clinico-biologiques. Par une approche basĂ©e sur les rĂ©seaux et les classifications de sommets, nous avons identifiĂ© l'acide myristolĂ©ĂŻque comme un marqueur lipidique pertinent de la lipogenĂšse de novo et de l'activitĂ© de la SCD durant la perte de poids. Une signature gĂ©nique anabolique, unique aux sujets qui reprennent du poids, a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e suggĂ©rant une activation des voies de la prolifĂ©ration cellulaire. Chez 216 sujets, nous avons montrĂ© que le transcrit qui expliquait le mieux l'Ă©volution de la sensibilitĂ© Ă  l'insuline Ă©tait le gĂšne CIDEA et que les variations de son niveau d'expression suivaient l'Ă©volution de la sensibilitĂ© Ă  l'insuline, indĂ©pendamment de l'indice de masse corporelle. Le potentiel prĂ©dictif de la sensibilitĂ© Ă  l'insuline par les niveaux d'ARNm reste Ă  dĂ©terminer. Ce protocole d'intervention nutritionnelle europĂ©en de conception originale offre l'opportunitĂ© unique de relier les Ă©vĂšnements cliniques et biologiques survenant au grĂ© des variations pondĂ©rales Ă  des donnĂ©es de science fondamentale (expression gĂ©nique, composition en acides gras du tissu adipeux), donnant ainsi du sens Ă  une dĂ©marche de recherche translationnelle.Obesity is a chronicle progressive disease. Medical treatment often fails in the long term. To lose excess fat mass and maintain it at long last remain a challenge for obese people. Excess adipose tissue is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders and metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance. Obesity treatment aims at losing fat mass thus improving obesity-associated disorders. Metabolic and molecular adaptations occurring in adipose tissue during a weight loss program remain largely unknown. They could provide potential new biomarkers to stratify obese phenotypes or new therapeutic targets. A multidisciplinary research effort involving a combination of clinical, biochemical and omics approaches appears mandatory to increase knowledge in the complexity of these adaptations. This work first aimed at identifying the clinical, biological and genetic determinants of gene expression in abdominal sub-cutaneous human adipose tissue during a large scale dietary intervention. Second, we aimed at revealing the characteristics of adipose tissue biological networks relevant to clinical traits in this obese patient cohort (using adipose tissue fatty acids composition, mRNA levels and bio-clinical risk factors). Third, we hypothesized that adipose tissue gene profiling would help identifying novel biomarkers that underline long term changes in insulin resistance with weight loss. The DiOGenes trial is one of the largest longitudinal dietary interventions consisting in an 8-week weight loss diet and a 6-month weight control phase with different diets. In a sub-group of 311 patients, we found evidence for independent control of adipose tissue gene expression by calorie restriction, metabolic syndrome, body mass index, sex and genotype. In 135 women of this DiOGenes cohort, a combination of network inference and node clustering using gene expression, lipidome and bio-clinical data has linked a characteristic structure of adipose tissue network to a slimmed phenotype thereby identifying myristoleic acid as main lipidic biomarkers for de novo lipogenesis and stearoyl CoA desaturase activity. We observed an anabolic signature unique to individuals with unsuccessful weight control that suggests detrimental cell proliferation. In a group of 216 patient of the DiOGenes cohort, we showed that CIDEA gene expression was the only gene that explained insulin resistance trajectories (assessed by HOMA-IR). Changes in adipose tissue CIDEA mRNA levels paralleled variations in insulin sensitivity independently of change in body mass index. The predictive potency of insulin resistance by mRNA level combined to clinical parameters, or not, needs to be investigated further. The originally designed dietary intervention DiOGenes offers unique opportunity to link clinical and biological outcomes to adipose tissue lipidomic and gene expression data sets, which provide a path to translational research approach

    IntĂ©rĂȘt d'un programme d'insulinothĂ©rapie transitoire intensive chez le diabĂ©tique de type 2 en Ă©chec thĂ©rapeutique

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    l'insulinothĂ©rapie transitoire intensive (ITTI) est une stratĂ©gie utilisĂ©e chez les patients diabĂ©tiques de type 2 en Ă©chec thĂ©rapeutique. Le traitement antidiabĂ©tique est adaptĂ© au dĂ©cours de l'ITTI. Nous avons donc voulu Ă©tudier l'intĂ©rĂȘt d'un tel programme chez ces patients, grĂące Ă  une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective et une Ă©tude prospective menĂ©es chez les patients diabĂ©tiques de type 2 entrĂ©s en hospitalisation en vue d'une ITTI dans le service de diabĂ©tologie. L'Ă©tude des caractĂ©ristiques de ces patients montre qu'ils sont plus ĂągĂ©s que dans les autres Ă©tudes et plus corpulents, avec un diabĂšte ancien, Ă©voluĂ© et compliquĂ©. L'adaptation thĂ©rapeutique au dĂ©cours de l'ITTI a un rĂŽle important sur l'Ă©volution de l'Ă©quilibre glycĂ©mique Ă  un an. Dans les 2 Ă©tudes, on observe une Ă©volution favorable Ă  un an : -1,1 point d'HbA1c dans l'Ă©tude rĂ©trospective et -1,5 point dans l'Ă©tude prospective. L'Ă©chappement mĂ©tabolique semble donc se produire plus tardivement que dans les Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures.TOULOUSE3-BU SantĂ©-Centrale (315552105) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha control of lipid and glucose metabolism in human white adipocytes.

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    International audienceThis work aimed at characterizing the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)alpha in human white adipocyte metabolism and at comparing PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma actions in these cells. Primary cultures of human fat cells were treated with the PPAR alpha agonist GW7647 or the PPAR gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Changes in gene expression were determined using DNA microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR. Western blot and metabolic studies were performed to identify the biological effects elicited by PPAR agonist treatments. GW7647 induced an up-regulation of beta-oxidation gene expression and increased palmitate oxidation. Unexpectedly, glycolysis was strongly reduced at transcriptional and functional levels by GW7647 leading to a decrease in pyruvate and lactate production. Glucose oxidation was decreased. Triglyceride esterification and de novo lipogenesis were inhibited by the PPAR alpha agonist. GW7647-induced alterations were abolished by a treatment with a PPAR alpha antagonist. Small interfering RNA-mediated extinction of PPAR alpha gene expression in hMADS adipocytes attenuated GW7647 induction of palmitate oxidation. Rosiglitazone had no major impact on glycolysis and beta-oxidation. Altogether these results show that PPAR alpha can selectively up-regulate beta-oxidation and decrease glucose utilization in human white adipocytes

    Adipocyte hypertrophy associates with in vivo postprandial fatty acid metabolism and adipose single-cell transcriptional dynamics

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    Summary: Adipocyte hypertrophy is associated with metabolic complications independent of obesity. We aimed to determine: 1) the association between adipocyte size and postprandial fatty acid metabolism; 2) the potential mechanisms driving the obesity-independent, hypertrophy-associated dysmetabolism in vivo and at a single-cell resolution. Tracers with positron emission tomography were used to measure fatty acid metabolism in 40 men and women with normal or impaired glucose tolerance (NCT02808182), and single nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) to determine transcriptional dynamics of subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) between individuals with AT hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia matched for sex, ethnicity, glucose-tolerance status, BMI, total and percent body fat, and waist circumference. Adipocyte size was associated with high postprandial total cardiac fatty acid uptake and higher visceral AT dietary fatty acid uptake, but lower lean tissue dietary fatty acid uptake. We found major shifts in cell transcriptomal dynamics with AT hypertrophy that were consistent with in vivo metabolic changes

    Endurance exercise training up-regulates lipolytic proteins and reduces triglyceride content in skeletal muscle of obese subjects.

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    International audienceCONTEXT: Skeletal muscle lipase and intramyocellular triglyceride (IMTG) play a role in obesity-related metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of 8 weeks of endurance exercise training on IMTG content and lipolytic proteins in obese male subjects. DESIGN AND VOLUNTEERS: Ten obese subjects completed an 8-week supervised endurance exercise training intervention in which vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected before and after training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical characteristics and ex vivo substrate oxidation rates were measured pre- and posttraining. Skeletal muscle lipid content and lipolytic protein expression were also investigated. RESULTS: Our data show that exercise training reduced IMTG content by 42% (P < .01) and increased skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, whereas no change in total diacylglycerol content and glucose oxidation was found. Exercise training up-regulated adipose triglyceride lipase, perilipin (PLIN) 3 protein, and PLIN5 protein contents in skeletal muscle despite no change in mRNA levels. Training also increased hormone sensitive-lipase Ser660 phosphorylation. No significant changes in comparative gene identification 58, G₀/G₁ switch gene 2, and PLIN2 protein and mRNA levels were observed in response to training. Interestingly, we noted a strong relationship between skeletal muscle comparative gene identification 58 and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I protein contents at baseline (r = 0.87, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Endurance exercise training coordinately up-regulates fat oxidative capacity and lipolytic protein expression in skeletal muscle of obese subjects. This physiological adaptation probably favors fat oxidation and may alleviate the lipotoxic lipid pressure in skeletal muscle. Enhancement of IMTG turnover may be required for the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise in obesity

    Flowchart for individuals' selection from the DiOGenes cohort.

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    <p>Participants entering subsequent phases of the study as well as dropouts are indicated in total. AT, adipose tissue; CID, clinical investigation day; HGI, high glycemic index; HOMA-IR, Individual Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; HP, high protein; LCD, low calorie diet; LGI, low glycemic index; LP, low protein; WMD, weight maintenance diet.</p

    Clustering of insulin resistance profiles in obese individuals during the dietary intervention (n = 216).

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    <p>Individual Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) changes during an 8-week calorie restriction (LCD) and a 6-month weight maintenance diet (WMD) were clustered, resulting in 3 groups. The panel shows mean HOMA-IR changes expressed as change after LCD and at the end of the 6-montho weight maintenance (WMD) <i>vs.</i> baseline (BAS) values according to groups. The black line shows the HOMA-IR profile for group A (n = 94). The dashed line shows the HOMA-IR profile for group B (n = 48). The dotted line shows the HOMA-IR profile for group C (n = 74). The A, B, and C are the mean of HOMA-IR changes in each clustered group. <b>◊</b>: p<0.05, data different in group A. Δ: p<0.05, data different in group B. #: p<0.05, data different in group C. §: p<0.05, data difference between groups. Values are means ± SEM.</p

    Human adipose tissue CIDEA gene expression according to insulin resistance profiles (n = 216).

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    <p>Relative <i>CIDEA</i> mRNA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue were plotted according to groups compared to baseline, after 8 weeks low calorie diet (LCD, white bars), and after 6 months of weight maintenance diet (WMD, black bars). AT, adipose tissue; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance. *: p<0.05, difference between baseline and the end of LCD or WMD. Values are means ± SEM.</p
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