EFFECT OF ENDOGENOUS PROTEASES ON GELATION OF RED TILE FISH SURIMI

Red tile fish Branchiostegus japonicus meat degrades easily. In market, the small- sized fish is traded at a low price. Additionally, the population of red tile fish in the sea around Japan has reduced. Therefore, for effective utilization of small-sized red tile fish, the effect of endogenous proteases on heat-induced gelation of red tile fish surimi was investigated in the research. Fish gels from red tile fish surimi were prepared at different temperatures between 30 – 90 oC. After heating, the samples were cooled in ice water and then mechanical properties and SDS-PAGE patterns were analyzed. Homogenates prepared from the surimi were mixed with protease inhibitor solutions. The mixtures were incubated in water bathes at 40 or 60 oC. After heating, peptide contents in the supernatant and autolytic protein patterns were determined by the Lowry method and SDS-PAGE respectively. The surimi didn’t form heat-induced gels at 30 - 80 oC and SDS–PAGE showed that proteolysis markedly occurred. Addition of 1, 10-phenanthroline, benzamidine or SBTI prevented proteolysis. These results suggest that red tile fish surimi had extremely low gel- forming ability due to endogenous metalloprotease and trypsin-like serine protease. Keywords: Fish products, Gelation, Protease inhibitor, Surimi

THE EFFECT OF OVALBUMIN ON THE PROTEASE ACTIVITY

Chicken egg white is generally used in the industry because of its excellent effect to improve physical property of surimi products. The effects of egg white are believed to be derived from its inhibitory activity on surimi endogenous proteases which reduce gel forming ability. However, there are no detailed investigations about inhibitory effects of egg white on the proteases. The effect of ovalbumin (OVA), which is the main protein of egg white, on trypsin activity was investigated in the present study. N-OVA was purified from fresh chicken egg white by ammonium sulfate fractionation and anion-exchange chromatography (Q-sepharose). S-OVA and I-OVA were prepared by heating N-OVA solution at pH10, 55°C for 24h and at 97°C for 30min (pH was not controlled) respectively. To investigate the effect of OVA on the trypsin activity, casein-trypsin mixture solution was heated with or without OVAs at 40°C and the content of peptide generated from casein was measured. SDS-PAGE of casein was also conducted. The amount of peptide from casein was decreased in the presence of OVAs, regardless of OVA types. SDS-PAGE showed all types of OVA inhibited casein degradation. Those suggest that all types of OVA have inhibitory effect on the trypsin activity. Keywords : Surimi, Ovalbumin, Proteases, Egg white

Role of the Transcription Factor BTB and CNC Homology 1 in a Rat Model of Acute Liver Injury Induced by Experimental Endotoxemia

Hepatic oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several acute liver diseases, and free heme is thought to contribute to endotoxemia-induced acute liver injury. The heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene is upregulated and the δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1) gene is downregulated in the rat liver following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1) is a heme-responsive transcription factor that normally represses HO-1 expression. In this study, we evaluated the changes in HO-1, ALAS1, and Bach1 expression and nuclear Bach1 expression in rat livers following intravenous LPS administration (10 mg/kg body weight). LPS significantly upregulated HO-1 mRNA and downregulated ALAS1 mRNA in the rat livers, suggesting that hepatic free heme concentrations are increased after LPS treatment. Bach1 mRNA was strongly induced after LPS injection. In contrast, nuclear Bach1 was significantly but transiently decreased after LPS treatment. Rats were also administered hemin (50 mg/kg body weight) intravenously to elevate heme concentrations, which decreased nuclear Bach1 levels. Our results suggest that elevated hepatic free heme may be associated with a decline of nuclear Bach1, and induction of Bach1 mRNA may compensate for the decreased nuclear Bach1 after LPS treatment in the rat liver

Protective effect of tin chloride on rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury in rats

The heme component of myoglobin plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis-associated acute kidney injury (RM-AKI). Heme oxiganenase-1 (HO-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme catabolism, and its metabolites, iron, biliverdin, and carbon monoxide, have antioxidant properties. Tin chloride (SnCl2) is a kidney specific HO-1 inducer. In this study, we examined whether the induction of HO-1 in the kidney by SnCl2 pretreatment ameliorates RM-AKI in rats and if the effect is due to the degradation of excess renal free heme. We developed an RM-AKI rat (male Sprague-Dawley rats) model by injecting glycerol (Gly) in the hind limbs. RM-AKI rats were pretreated with saline or SnCl2 or additional SnMP (tin mesoporphyrin, a specific HO inhibitor) followed by Gly treatment. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Crea) were measured as indicators of renal function. Renal free heme level was assessed based on the levels of delta-aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS1), a heme biosynthetic enzyme, and nuclear BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1), an inhibitory transcription factor of HO-1. Elevated free heme levels lead to decreases in ALAS1 and nuclear Bach1. After 24 h of Gly injection, serum BUN and Crea levels in saline-pretreated rats were significantly higher than those in untreated control rats. In contrast, SnCl2-pretreated rats showed no significant increase in the indices. However, additional treatment of SnMP abolished the beneficial effect of SnCl2. Renal ALAS1 mRNA levels and renal nuclear Bach1 protein levels in the saline pretreated rats were significantly lower than those in control rats 3 h after Gly injection. In contrast, the levels in SnCl2-pretreated rats were not altered. The findings indicate that SnCl2 pretreatment confers protection against RM-AKI by virtue of HO-1 induction in the renal system, at least in part through excess free heme degradation

Conhecimento da equipe de saúde da família acerca das necessidades de saúde das pessoas com tuberculose

The purposes of the study were to get to know conceptions on tuberculosis and health needs and to describe the care provided to people with tuberculosis, according to health professionals' perspective. Qualitative study developed at family health units in Capão Redondo, São Paulo. The data were collected through open interviews in January 2010 and submitted to discourse analysis, resulting in three categories: meanings attributed to tuberculosis and health needs and care characteristics. The conceptions regarding the disease are supported by the multi-causal theory of the health-disease process. The care is characterized by interventions that go beyond the biological dimension. The precarious living conditions define the needs of most people with tuberculosis, and can be more important to the ill than the very diagnosis of the disease, influencing treatment adherence, and should gain relevance in care.Los objetivos del estudio fueron conocer concepciones sobre la tuberculosis y las necesidades de salud, y describir la asistencia realizada a las personas con tuberculosis, en la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo desarrollado en dos unidades de salud de la familia en Capao Redondo, Sao Paulo; los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevista abierta, en enero de 2010, sometidos a la técnica de análisis de discurso, resultando en tres categorías: significados atribuidos a la tuberculosis, significados atribuidos a las necesidades de salud y características de la asistencia. Las concepciones sobre la enfermedad están basadas en la teoría de la multicausalidad del proceso salud-enfermedad. La asistencia se caracteriza por intervenciones que extrapolan la dimensión biológica. Las condiciones precarias de vida definen las necesidades de la mayoría de las personas con tuberculosis, pudiendo ser más importantes para los enfermos que el propio diagnóstico de la enfermedad, influenciando la adhesión al tratamiento y debiendo tener mayor relevancia en la asistencia.Os objetivos do estudo foram conhecer concepções sobre tuberculose e necessidades de saúde e descrever o tipo de assistência prestada às pessoas com tuberculose, pelos profissionais de saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo desenvolvido em duas unidades de saúde da família de Capão Redondo, São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista aberta, em janeiro de 2010, submetidos à técnica de análise de discurso, resultando em três categorias: significados atribuídos à tuberculose, significados atribuídos às necessidades de saúde e características da assistência. As concepções sobre a doença estão ancoradas na teoria da multicausalidade do processo saúde/doença. A assistência se caracteriza por intervenções que extrapolam a dimensão biológica. As condições precárias de vida definem as necessidades da maioria das pessoas com tuberculose, podendo ser mais importantes para os doentes do que o próprio diagnóstico da doença, influenciando a adesão ao tratamento e devendo ter maior relevância na assistência

Dexmedetomidine improves acute lung injury by activating autophagy in a rat hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation model

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) can reduce lung injury in a hemorrhagic shock (HS) resuscitation (HSR) model in rats by inhibiting inflammation. Here, we aimed to investigate if these effects of DEX are due to autophagy activation. Therefore, we established HSR rat models and divided them into four groups. HS was induced using a blood draw. The rats were then resuscitated by reinjecting the drawn blood and saline. The rats were sacrificed 24 h after resuscitation. Lung tissues were harvested for histopathological examination, determination of wet/dry lung weight ratio, and detection of the levels of autophagy-related marker proteins LC3, P62, Beclin-1, and the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate. The morphological findings of hematoxylin and eosin staining in lung tissues and the pulmonary wet/dry weight ratio showed that lung injury improved in HSR + DEX rats. However, chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, abolished this effect. Detecting the concentration of autophagy-related proteins showed that DEX administration increased LC3, ATG12-ATG5, and Beclin-1 expression and decreased P62 expression. The expression levels of these proteins were similar to those in the HSR group after CQ + DEX administration. In summary, DEX induced autophagic activation in an HSR model. These findings suggest that DEX administration partially ameliorates HSR-induced lung injury via autophagic activation

Phylogeography of Juniperus Species (Cupressaceae) with a Disjunct Distribution in the Island Areas of Japan

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O potencial de um instrumento para o reconhecimento de vulnerabilidades sociais e necessidades de saúde: saberes e práticas em saúde coletiva

OBJECTIVES: to analyze an instrument that aims to understand the health-disease process, its potential to identify social vulnerabilities and health needs to enable the most appropriate interventions in a given territory. Procedures: analysis of the data collection instrument - composed of closed and open questions to identify different profiles of social reproduction (ways of working and living) - used in the Project of Pedagogical Development and activities reported by students at a Collective Health Nursing department. CONCLUSIONS: the instrument enables health care professionals, especially those from Collective Health Nursing, to identify social vulnerabilities and health needs, and guide interventions in different contexts, according to the health promotion perspective. Thus, it reveals potential to transform current health practices, dynamism and constant innovation of these practices in different contexts, according to the "radicality" that is characteristic of Collective Health.Este estudio tuvo como objetivos analizar un instrumento de lectura del proceso salud enfermedad y evaluar su potencial para el reconocimiento de vulnerabilidades sociales y necesidades de salud, posibilitando intervenciones más adecuadas en un dado territorio. Los procedimientos usados se constituyeron de análisis del instrumento de recolección de datos - compuesto por preguntas cerradas y abiertas para el reconocimiento de los diferentes perfiles de reproducción social (formas de trabajar y de vivir) - utilizado en el Proyecto de Desarrollo Pedagógico y de informes de las actividades desarrolladas por alumnos del Departamento de Enfermería en Salud Colectiva de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad de San Pablo(USP). Se concluye que el instrumento analizado posibilita a los profesionales de la salud, particularmente de Enfermería en Salud Colectiva, reconocer vulnerabilidades sociales y necesidades de salud, orientando sus intervenciones en diferentes contextos, según la perspectiva de la promoción de la salud. Revela, así, un potencial transformador de las prácticas de salud vigentes, carácter dinámico y de renovación constante de esas prácticas en diferentes contextos, según la "radicalidad" propia de la Salud Colectiva.Este estudo teve como objetivos analisar um instrumento de leitura do processo saúde-doença, seu potencial para o reconhecimento de vulnerabilidades sociais e necessidades de saúde, possibilitando intervenções mais adequadas num dado território. Os procedimentos usados constituíram-se de análise do instrumento de coleta de dados - composto por questões fechadas e abertas para o reconhecimento dos diferentes perfis de reprodução social (formas de trabalhar e de viver) - utilizado no Projeto de Desenvolvimento Pedagógico e de relatórios das atividades desenvolvidas por alunos do Departamento de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva da Escola de Enfermagem da USP. Conclui-se que o instrumento analisado possibilita aos profissionais de saúde, particularmente da Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva, reconhecer vulnerabilidades sociais e necessidades de saúde, orientando suas intervenções em diferentes contextos, segundo a perspectiva da promoção da saúde. Revela, assim, potencial transformador das práticas de saúde vigentes, caráter dinâmico e de renovação constante dessas práticas em diferentes contextos, segundo a "radicalidade" própria da Saúde Coletiva

Necesidades en salud según percepciones de personas con tuberculosis pulmonar

O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer as percepções sobre necessidades em saúde de pessoas com tuberculose pulmonar. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido no distrito administrativo Capão Redondo, São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados em janeiro de 2010 por meio de entrevista semidiretiva. Foram entrevistadas onze pessoas em tratamento contra tuberculose, com idade mínima de 18 anos e sem limites de cognição. O material empírico foi decodificado a partir de técnica de análise de discurso. As percepções sobre necessidades em saúde estão relacionadas às dificuldades enfrentadas no processo saúde-doença, e o reconhecimento das necessidades em saúde mostrou-se condicionado à vigência do agravo à saúde. As necessidades identificadas decorrem de alterações biológicas, do cotidiano e de insuficiências no processo de produção dos serviços de saúde. A qualidade da assistência às pessoas com tuberculose está, entre outros fatores, condicionada à identificação e ao atendimento de suas necessidades em saúde