Marketing Ecosystem Services from Agricultural Land: Stated Preferences over Payment Mechanisms and Actual Sales of Farm-Wildlife Contracts

Agriculture conventionally supplies food, fiber and fuel that consumers can purchase through the market. With the right incentives, farmers can also provide ecosystem services such as wildlife habitat, climate regulation, surface water flows and waste absorption and breakdown. Such incentives have so far come almost entirely from government-sponsored programs that rely on financial assistance to farmers to encourage them to alter agricultural practices or input mix to enhance ecosystem services. Programs recently implemented in Costa Rica and Columbia rely on payments by the beneficiaries of the ecosystem services, such as municipal water companies and water users (Pagiola et al. 2002). Few of these programs, however, have attempted to establish a market for ecosystem services in which the beneficiaries of such services pay the suppliers their personal values of ecosystem services in an actual market. Markets for ecosystem services must overcome two major challenges. In order to set prices for ecosystem services at the right level, it is imperative to understand consumers preferences. Farmland, however, has multiple attributes such as wildlife habitat services and landscape view; the marginal rate of substitution among those attributes must be understood to design marketable products for ecosystem services. Moreover, many ecosystem services are public goods for which traditional markets are ill-suited, because many individuals can receive benefits simultaneously regardless of whether they have paid part of the cost of provision. Therefore, consumers have an incentive to free-ride on others. Evidence from previous research on public goods clearly suggests that under-contribution is typical (e.g., Ledyard 1995). The overall goal of this study is to explore the potential to establish an actual market in which the public can purchase ecosystem services generated by agricultural land. More specifically, this paper evaluates the performance of alternative elicitation methods that are intended to reduce individuals incentives to free-ride on others payments for ecosystem services. Using a choice experiment involving a large-scale mail survey, we first estimate the marginal rate of substitution consumers place on various attributes of farmland including the ecosystem services such land can provide. We further compare the results across different payment mechanisms and examine which ones are capable of revealing demand that is closer to consumers true value. Second, we attempt to establish an actual market in which individuals are asked to purchase a share of a farm contract to provide ecosystem service with real money under different payment mechanisms. We compare the market outcomes with the choice experiments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the performance of different payment mechanisms for provision of ecosystem services using field experiments both within a hypothetical setting and by developing an actual market. The ecosystem service in question in this study is habitat for a grassland-nesting bird called the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryivorus). Yellow and black Bobolinks establish ground nests in hay fields from mid-May into early June. Their visibility and entertaining character, combined with evidence that many birds, including bobolinks, are experiencing population declines (Sauer et al. 2004), make the bird a leading candidate to attract public interest in efforts to manage farmland for vulnerable wildlife. Previous studies have established that hay harvesting conducted during the birds five to six week nesting period is devastating to fledgling success (e.g., Mitchell et al. 2000). A fairly moderate shift in the harvest schedule could provide significant refuge for nesting birds while causing some losses of the quantity and quality of the hay harvested. If a market developed that paid farmers acceptable compensation to protect grassland birds, then farmers would have an incentive to add an ecosystem service to their revenue base while enhancing environmental quality for wildlife. In this study, we compare four payment mechanisms applied in field experiments: 1) voluntary contribution mechanism, 2) provision point with a money-back guarantee and proportional rebate of excess contributions (PPMBG-PR), 3) uniform-price, multi-buyer auction and 4) pivotal mechanism. Voluntary contribution mechanism has no provision point but has a money-back guarantee if enough money is not raised. Under PPMBG-PR, the public good is supplied only if a pre-specified amount of money (the provision point) is raised, and contributors receive their money back if the market fails to raise that amount. Under a multi-buyer auction, everyone who is willing to pay above a certain price will pay a price such that the total sum will be enough to cover the cost for a farmer to change harvest practices. Under a pivotal mechanism only those consumers whose payments make a difference in the provision of the good would pay. The pivotal mechanism is incentive compatible and is used as the baseline. We test the following hypotheses on the WTP, market participation rate and total revenue collection: (1) WTP: Voluntary contribution < Multi-buyer Auction < PPMBG-PR < Pivotal (2) Participation rate: Voluntary contribution < PPMBG-PR < Multi-buyer auction < Pivotal (3) Revenue collection: Pivotal < Voluntary < Multi-buyer auction < PPMBG-PR We perform a large-scale cross-mechanism comparison using two types of field experiments, a survey involving hypothetical questions and a functioning market for an ecosystem service. In the survey, the subjects are randomly assigned to one of the elicitation methods. We posit a hypothetical situation involving a market for contracts with farmers, describe the assigned elicitation method and ask respondents to compare several sets of two alternative farm wildlife contracts, each with five attributes presented in a stated-choice format. One of the attributes is to change the timing of hay harvesting to enhance the success of a specified number of bobolink fledglings on a given size of farm. The survey data were collected in fall of 2006. Survey questionnaires were sent to all of the 2,987 households in Jamestown, Rhode Island. The response rate was about 37% after accounting for undelivered surveys. Although still preliminary, a key result from the choice experiment is that consumers are least willing to pay for farm wildlife contracts under the voluntary contribution mechanism. The payment method that generated the greatest total purchases of farm wildlife contracts was the multi-buyer auction, followed by the pivotal mechanism and PPMBG-PR, respectively. This result suggests that some features of the payment mechanisms (such as setting of a provision point, fairness and a money-back guarantee) encourage consumers to reveal demand that is closer to each consumer true value of the good than the demand revealed by a simple voluntary contribution mechanism in a field experiment using a hypothetical situation. We are currently in the process of launching an ecosystem-service market in Jamestown by establishing actual farm wildlife contracts with farmers and selling shares of those contracts to consumers. The market will be open to the public for two months during March and April, 2007. Each farm wildlife contract will be tied to one or more of the payment mechanisms and whether each contract will remain effective during the breeding season will depend on the market outcome under each mechanism. Consumers will be randomly assigned to one of the elicitation methods. Using market data, we will compare the actual consumer behavior across alternative methods and also to their willingness to pay as estimated in the survey choice experiment.Land Economics/Use,

Ecosystem Services Beyond Valuation, Regulation and Philanthropy: Integrating Consumer Values into the Economy

Environmental Markets, Ecosystem Service Markets, Payment For Ecosystem Services, Incentives, Nature's Services, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q20, Q57, C93, H41,

Do Stated Preference Values Predict Revealed Behavior in “New” Markets for Ecosystem Services? A Comparison of Experiments Addressing Establishing A Market for Farmland Ecosystem Services

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Analisis Rantai Usaha Padi (Beras) Merah di Kabupaten Boyolali

This study aims to analyze the supply chain of red rice in Boyolali District. The supply chain analysis covers parties in the supply chain, internal and external analysis and supply chain model. The research data using primary data with number of respondents about 60 farmers. Methods of analysis are using descriptive-qualitative and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the parties in the supply chain of red rice are a family/farmer, businessman/trader, partner/farmer groups, and their companions of agriculture industry. Meanwhile, internal analysis showed that red rice has a high price and resistant to pests but require a relatively long period of planting. External analysis showed that red rice has a market mainly processed food industry, but the public has not much to like the texture of it

KEARIFAN LOKAL MASYARAKAT DUSUN TEKALONG DESA SETIA JAYA DALAM MENJAGA KEBERADAAN TEMBAWANG DI KECAMATAN TERIAK KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG

Tembawang is a form of land management carried out by the Dayak people in West Kalimantan. The exixtence of Tembawang in Tekalong Hamlet is still well preserved, it is suspected that the community is carrying out local wisdom in its management. This study aims to describe the forms of local wisdom that consist of knowledge, norms, regulations, and skills in Tekalong Village, Setia Jaya Village in tembawang management. The study was conducted using a survey method that is descriptive with interview techniques and questionnaire aids in the form of a list of questions submitted to a number of people (respondents). Respondents in this study were 30 people. There are 4 tembawang in Tekalong Hamlet, namely Tembawang Tekalong, Tembawang Sunge Tangket, Tembawang Bangkaris, and Tembawang Madas. The results of this study indicate that there are (5) forms of local wisdom that support the management of tembawang in Tekalong Hamlet, namely : (1). Knowledge, apply customary law to every violatoin both intentionally or unintentionally, the community also believes in several myths to be used as role models in managing Tembawang. (2). Norm, there are certain days the people cut Tembawang location. (3). Regulations, no trees can be cut down in Tembawang, and may not carry out activities that can damage the ecosystem that is in Tembawang. (4). Skills, the community utilizes the Tembawang land by planting fruit-producing trees, and (5). Trust, the presence of a ghost (Kuntilanak) who was killed, the myth of the worm king who became a watchman on Tembawang, may not build a house/sacred landKeywords : Local Wisdom,  Indigenous people, Tembawan

Pengukuran Electrical Logging pada Pemboran Air Tanah dalam di Daerah Pacciro Kecamatan Balusu Kabupaten Barru

Metode pengukuran logging geofisika merupakan salah satu metode geofisika yang biasa digunakan untuk melihat potensi penyebaran lapisan tanah atau batuan secara vertikal yang merupakan lapisan pembawa air tanah (akuifer) atau bukan lapisan pembawa air yang dilakukan setelah kegiatan pemboran. Tujuannya yaitu untuk mengetahui gambaran vertikal sekitar lubang bor dari hasil pengukuran logging geofisika. Penelitian dilakukan di daerah Pacciro Kecamatan Balusu, Kabupaten Barru. Metode logging geofisika yang digunakan yaitu metode electrical logging baik itu metode resistvitas (tahanan jenis) maupun self potential (SP). Alat yang digunakan dalam pengukuran electrical logging yaitu mini logger Naniura Model ND 112 P. Adapun data-data yang digunakan yaitu nilai tahanan jenis (resistivitas) dan nilai potensial dari material sekitar lubang bor yang hasil akhirnya menunjukkan kurva kuantitas dari nilai tahanan jenis dan potensial. Dari kurva tersebut maka dapat diinterpretasi lapisan tanah dan batuan sekitar lubang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada kedalaman 0-2 m merupakan tanah penutup (top soil), kedalaman 2-11 m merupakan pasir lanauan, kedalaman 11-18 m merupakan lempung pasiran, kedalaman 18-22 m merupakan pasir lempungan, kedalaman 22-35 m merupakan lapisan tufa pasiran, kedalaman 35-39 m merupakan lapisan tufa agak halus, kedalaman 39-49 m merupakan lapisan tufa pasiran, kedalaman 49-53 m merupakan lapisan tufa kasar, kedalaman 53-61 m merupakan lapisan tufa, kedalaman 61-68 m merupakan lapisan tufa

PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PENDIDIK DAN TENAGA KEPENDIDIKAN DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN NEGERI 1 PALEMBANG

This study uses quantitative research methods, which in processing the data in the form of numbers. In this study, the regression variable (X) of work motivation and variable (Y) of performance aims to determine whether motivation has an effect on the performance of educators and education staff at the state vocational high school 1 Palembang. Motivation at work can have an impact on the performance carried out, this motivation can affect the behavior of each individual at work to get maximum work results. In this study, the data was processed through a questionnaire with the number of respondents totaling 87 people, both from educators and education staff with civil servant and non-civil servant status at SMKN 1 Palembang. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire with a statement of 30 questions. The variables in this study are motivation as the independent variable (X) and performance as the dependent variable (Y). The data collected was then analyzed using a simple linear regression analysis technique by testing the test hypothesis (T) and the coefficient of determination (R2). To prove the decision-making using the SPSS For Windows Version 25 application. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that motivation affects the performance of educators and education staff at the Palembang 1 state vocational high school seen from the t-count value (2.965) which is greater than t- table (0.677742) with a significant level of 5% this means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Meanwhile, the percentage of the effect is 36.9% and the rest is influenced by other factors not examined in this study. Keywords: Work Motivation, Performance

Correction: Neural Correlates Associated with Successful Working Memory Performance in Older Adults as Revealed by Spatial ICA

There are errors in the fourth and fifth sentences of the Abstract. The correct sentences are: Our results indicated that a higher BOLD response in the VLPFC was associated with increased performance accuracy in older adults, in the more complex task condition. This ‘BOLD-performance’ relationship suggests that the neural correlates linked with successful performance in the older adults are related to specific working memory processes present in the complex but not in the baseline task condition.There are errors in the second and third sentences of the second paragraph of the “Independent component analysis (ICA)” portion of the “fMRI image analysis” subsection of the Materials and Methods. The correct sentences are: The GLM design matrix was based on the task events (onsets), as well as the movement parameters derived from the realignment step and their first derivatives and a high pass filter of 230 seconds, implemented using a discrete cosine transform (DCT) set. The task events were convolved with three basis functions of the hemodynamic response function (HRF): the canonical HRF, its time derivative and its dispersion derivative.There are multiple errors throughout the “Performance and age” section of the Results. The correct text is: Older adults had a mean accuracy cost of.23 (SD = .12) and a mean speed cost of.47 (.19). Younger adults had a mean accuracy cost of.08 (.04) and a mean speed cost of.31 (.18). Coefficients for the main effects of age on accuracy and speed cost were based on the regression model assessing the effects of age and/or BOLD load effect in the VLPFC component. Older adults had a higher accuracy cost (β age = .147, t(74) = 7.08, p < .0005; R2 = .419, F(3,74) = 18.8, p < .0005) and speed cost (β age = .167, t(74) = 4.01, p < .0005; R2 = .215, F(3,74) = 6.5, p < .0005) than younger adults. Additional regression models, performed in each load condition, revealed that older adults had lower accuracy scores in the 2-back load than younger adults (β age = −.129, t(74) = −6.47, p < .0005; R2 = .414, F(3,74) = 16.7, p < .0005). Furthermore, older adults were slower than younger adults in both load conditions (0-back: β age = 115.32, t(74) = 9.83, p < .0005; R2 = .581, F(3,74) = 32.9, p < .0005 and 2-back: β age = 249.01, t(74) = 9.61, p < .0005; R2 = .569, F(3,74) = 31.3, p < .0005; see Table 2).There are multiple errors throughout the “Components of interest: Age and BOLD load effect” section of the Results. The correct text is: The main repeated measure ANOVA on the BOLD load effects observed in the eight ICs associated with working memory processes, showed a general interaction between age and BOLD load effect (F(7,511) = 3.1, p = .007). To identify which of these 8 ICs showed an age-related BOLD load effect, additional post-hoc two sample t-tests were performed. These tests revealed that the difference in BOLD activation between the 2-back and the 0-back load condition was larger for older than younger adults in 3 ICs. Namely, the ICs containing mainly the VLPFC (t(73) = 1.9, p = .061), the right FPN (t(73) = 2.2, p = .035) and the left FPN (t(73) = 4, p < .0005).After identifying these 3 ICs, we subsequently performed a one-sample t-test in younger and older adults, separately. The purpose of these tests was to investigate whether the BOLD activation in each of the 3 selected ICs differed significantly between the 0-back and the 2-back load condition within each age-group. The one-sample t-test was significant in all 3 ICs, for younger (VLPFC: t(37) = 6.5, p< .0005; right FPN: t(37) = 3, p = .005 and left FPN: t(37) = -4.1, p< .0005) and older adults (VLPFC (t(36) = 9.8, p< .0005), the right FPN (t(36) = 6, p< .0005 and the left FPN (t(36) = -1.7, p = .093). For all participants, the BOLD activation in the right FPN and the VLPFC increased with task load. However, the BOLD activation of the left FPN was negatively modulated by the task, as revealed by the negative beta-weights and the positive spatial map of this component (see Fig 2B and Fig 3). In young adults, the BOLD activation in the left FPN became more negative with increasing task demands. To determine whether age modulated the BOLD signal in these 3 ICs of interest in the 0-back, in the 2-back or in both load conditions, subsequent post-hoc independent two sample t-tests were performed. These tests showed that compared to younger adults, older adults had a higher BOLD activation in the VLPFC (t(73) = 3, p = .006) and the right FPN (t(73) = 2.4, p = .020), in the 2-back load condition. In the 0-back load condition, younger and older adults showed similar BOLD activation in the VLPFC and the right FPN. On the other hand, older adults had a more negative BOLD response in the left FPN than younger adults, in the 0-back load condition (t(73) = 4.5, p < .0005). Younger and older adults had comparable BOLD load effect in the other working memory related ICs

PENERAPAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA PADA MATERI SISTEM PERSAMAAN LINIER TIGA VARIABEL BAGI SISWA KELAS X MIA MA-NIZHAMIYAH PLOSO

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada peningkatan kemampuan &nbsp;pemecahan masalah matematika pada materi sistem persamaan linier tiga variabel pada siswa kelas X-MIA MA NIZHAMIYAH. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kelas X MIA MA NIZHAMIYAH yang terdiri atas 15 siswa. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian tindakan kelas. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua siklus, yaitu Siklus I dan Siklus II. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur kemampuan memecahkan masalah adalah hasil belajar siswa melalui tes pada akhir masing-masing siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model Problem Based Learning dapat meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam memecahkan masalah matematika khususnya pada materi sistem persamaan linier tiga variabel . Hal ini ditujukkan dengan adanya peningkatan rata-rata nilai hasil belajar pada siklus I meningkat 4,7 yaitu dari 55 menjadi 59,7. Sedangkan pada siklus II meningkat sebesar&nbsp; 7,3 yaitu dari 59,7 menjadi 67. Dengan pembelajaran dengan model PBL dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika dan meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Kata Kunci : PBL, pemecahan masalah, &nbsp;SPLT