What the General Lawyer Should Know about the Patent Lawyer’s Specialty

I. Introduction … A. What Is a Patent? … B. Territorial Scope … C. Constitutional and Legislative Foundation II. Application for a Patent … A. What Subject Matter Is Patentable? … B. Who May Apply for a Patent? … C. Patent Office Procedure … D. Priority … E. Patent Ownership … F. Patent Marking … G. What Rights May a Patent Owner Exercise? III. Infringement … A. Written Record and Physical Evidence as “Insurance” Policies … B. Outside Submissions … C. Patents and Applications as Defensive Material … D. Reissue of Patent IV. Other Protection for Industrial Property … A. Design Patents … B. Plant Patents … C. Trademarks … D. Copyright V. Conclusio

Significant Factors Related to Failed Pediatric Dental General Anesthesia Appointments at a Hospital-based Residency Program

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to: (1) evaluate the relationship between appointment failure and the factors of age, gender, race, insurance type, day of week, scheduled time of surgery, distance traveled, and weather; (2) investigate reasons for failure; and (3) explore the relationships between the factors and reasons for failure. Methods: Electronic medical records were accessed to obtain data for patients scheduled for dental care under general anesthesia from May 2012 to May 2015. Factors were analyzed for relation to appointment failure. Results: Data from 3,513 appointments for 2,874 children were analyzed. Bivariate associations showed statistically significant (P<0.05) relationships between failed appointment and race, insurance type, scheduled time of surgery, distance traveled, snowfall, and temperature. Multinomial regression analysis showed the following associations between factors and the reason for failure (P<0.05): (1) decreased temperature and increased snowfall were associated with weather as reason for failure; (2) the African American population showed an association with family barriers; (3) Hispanic families were less likely to give advanced notice; and (4) the "additional races" category showed an association with fasting violation. Conclusion: Patients who have treatment under general anesthesia face specific barriers to care

Through the Eyes of a Programmer:A Research Project on how to Foster Programming Education with Eye-Tracking Technology

Nowadays, there is a high demand for programming expertise on the labor market. New technologies such as eye tracking could help to improve programming education and thereby help to fulfill this demand. For instance, Eye Movement Modeling Examples (EMMEs) are learning videos that visualize a person’s (the model’s) eye movements while s/he demonstrates how to perform a (programming) task. The eye movements can, for in-stance, get visualized as moving dots onto a screen recording. By observing where an expert programmer looks, programming beginners might better understand what s/he is doing and referring to. Recent studies showed promising first results about the beneficial effects of using EMMEs in programming education. In this manuscript, we present a research project that aims to provide evidence-based guidelines for educational practitioners on how to use eye-tracking technology for programming training. We first introduce the basic concept of EMMEs and exemplary gaps in literature. We then present our first empirical study on how different instructions affect expert programmer’s eye movements when modeling a debugging task (and hence EMME displays). With this manuscript, we hope to inspire more programmers to use eye-tracking technology for programming education

Visualizing a Task Performer’s Gaze to Foster Observers’ Performance and Learning : a Systematic Literature Review on Eye Movement Modeling Examples

Eye movement modeling examples (EMMEs) are instructional videos (e.g., tutorials) that visualize another person’s gaze location while they demonstrate how to perform a task. This systematic literature review provides a detailed overview of studies on the effects of EMME to foster observers’ performance and learning and highlights their differences in EMME designs. Through a broad, systematic search on four relevant databases, we identified 72 EMME studies (78 experiments). First, we created an overview of the different study backgrounds. Studies most often taught tasks from the domains of sports/physical education, medicine, aviation, and STEM areas and had different rationales for displaying EMME. Next, we outlined how studies differed in terms of participant characteristics, task types, and the design of the EMME materials, which makes it hard to infer how these differences affect performance and learning. Third, we concluded that the vast majority of the experiments showed at least some positive effects of EMME during learning, on tests directly after learning, and tests after a delay. Finally, our results provide a first indication of which EMME characteristics may positively influence learning. Future research should start to more systematically examine the effects of specific EMME design choices for specific participant populations and task types

What is my teacher talking about? Effects of displaying the teacher’s gaze and mouse cursor cues in video lectures on students’ learning

Eye movement modelling examples (EMME) are instructional videos that display a teacher’s eye movements as “gaze cursor” (e.g. a moving dot) superimposed on the learning task. This study investigated if previous findings on the beneficial effects of EMME would extend to online lecture videos and compared the effects of displaying the teacher’s gaze cursor with displaying the more traditional mouse cursor as a tool to guide learners’ attention. Novices (N = 124) studied a pre-recorded video lecture on how to model business processes in a 2 (mouse cursor absent/present) × 2 (gaze cursor absent/present) between-subjects design. Unexpectedly, we did not find significant effects of the presence of gaze or mouse cursors on mental effort and learning. However, participants who watched videos with the gaze cursor found it easier to follow the teacher. Overall, participants responded positively to the gaze cursor, especially when the mouse cursor was not displayed in the video

Perspectives for donkey-drawn mechanization of field work in Southern Niger

Subsistence oriented rainfed farming in the South and extensive cattle pasturage on grassland savannas in the Sahel is the mode for life for 95 % of the people in Niger. The majority of the farmers would adopt animal drawn technology if it is reliable, inexpensive, simple to use, sound and sturdy technology without permanent risk of failure. Within the present thesis it is focused exclusively on donkey traction as a source of farm power for the location specific optimization of common farming practices for most oriented to the Djerma farmers? annual working calendar in South-West Niger. Efforts have concentrated on ridging, sowing, weeding and mulching.Die zunehmende Degradation ohnehin ertragsschwacher, meist sandiger Böden, fortwährendes starkes Bevölkerungswachstum und ein damit verbundener stetiger Rückgang der pro Familie verfügbaren Anbauflächen gefährden zunehmend die Ernährungssicherung der Bevölkerung des Westafrikanischen Sahelstaates Niger. Im Gegensatz zur Praxis in manchen Nachbarstaaten dieses semi ariden Raumes basiert der nigrische Regenfeldbau fast ausschließlich auf Handarbeit. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden daher die Möglichkeit der Zugtiernutzung als intermediäre Form zur Mechanisierung von Feldarbeiten im südlichen Niger betrachtet. Basierend auf der Ermittlung leistungsspezifischer Kenngrößen werden insbesondere die Perspektiven des Eseleinsatzes zur Überwindung typischer Arbeitsengpässe untersucht. Untersuchungsschwerpunkte leiten sich für die Bereiche Bodenbearbeitung, Mechanisierung der Aussaat, mechanische Unkrautkontrolle und mechanisches Mulchen ab. Die Zielsetzungen umfassen sowohl die konstruktive Anpassung geeignet gestalteter eselgezogener Ackergeräte an bestehende bäuerliche Arbeitsweisen als auch die Erweiterung der von Landwirten im südlichen Niger praktizierten Verfahren unter Verwendung neu entwickelter Geräte. Neben der technischen Optimierung steht das Zusammenwirken der einzelnen Komponenten Zugtier, Gerät, Landwirt und Anbausystem im Vordergrund

Perspectives for donkey-drawn mechanization of field work in Southern Niger

Subsistence oriented rainfed farming in the South and extensive cattle pasturage on grassland savannas in the Sahel is the mode for life for 95 % of the people in Niger. The majority of the farmers would adopt animal drawn technology if it is reliable, inexpensive, simple to use, sound and sturdy technology without permanent risk of failure. Within the present thesis it is focused exclusively on donkey traction as a source of farm power for the location specific optimization of common farming practices for most oriented to the Djerma farmers? annual working calendar in South-West Niger. Efforts have concentrated on ridging, sowing, weeding and mulching.Die zunehmende Degradation ohnehin ertragsschwacher, meist sandiger Böden, fortwährendes starkes Bevölkerungswachstum und ein damit verbundener stetiger Rückgang der pro Familie verfügbaren Anbauflächen gefährden zunehmend die Ernährungssicherung der Bevölkerung des Westafrikanischen Sahelstaates Niger. Im Gegensatz zur Praxis in manchen Nachbarstaaten dieses semi ariden Raumes basiert der nigrische Regenfeldbau fast ausschließlich auf Handarbeit. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden daher die Möglichkeit der Zugtiernutzung als intermediäre Form zur Mechanisierung von Feldarbeiten im südlichen Niger betrachtet. Basierend auf der Ermittlung leistungsspezifischer Kenngrößen werden insbesondere die Perspektiven des Eseleinsatzes zur Überwindung typischer Arbeitsengpässe untersucht. Untersuchungsschwerpunkte leiten sich für die Bereiche Bodenbearbeitung, Mechanisierung der Aussaat, mechanische Unkrautkontrolle und mechanisches Mulchen ab. Die Zielsetzungen umfassen sowohl die konstruktive Anpassung geeignet gestalteter eselgezogener Ackergeräte an bestehende bäuerliche Arbeitsweisen als auch die Erweiterung der von Landwirten im südlichen Niger praktizierten Verfahren unter Verwendung neu entwickelter Geräte. Neben der technischen Optimierung steht das Zusammenwirken der einzelnen Komponenten Zugtier, Gerät, Landwirt und Anbausystem im Vordergrund