The Dress Code for Lawyers: In Search of Change with Climatic Compatibility in Bangladesh

Dress code is a part of dignity and professionalism with little exception The outfit of Judges and Advocates with judicial robes seems a mark of dignity and loyalty towards court and justice Americans refused to adopt the judicial attire of the British after independence Almost all countries in the Indian subcontinent are in debt to the British for the development of their jurisprudence including dress code Even the British has relaxed wearing judicial costumes but these countries including Bangladesh have slight headache to suit the dress code for lawyers as per climatic conformity and culture even after the departure of the British India has modified dress code for lawyers to a tiny extent but the practice is still like colonized India reminding silent domination of the British This write up is a venture to explore the historical chronicles of the judicial attire across the world and theirs recent changing trends and practices with a view to seek a meaningful transformation in Banglades

Roles of the N- and C-Terminal Domains of Mammalian Mitochondrial Initiation Factor 3 in Protein Biosynthesis

Bacterial initiation factor 3 (IF3) is organized into N-domain and C-domains separated by a linker. Mitochondrial IF3 (IF3mt) has a similar domain organization although both domains have extensions not found in the bacterial factors. Constructs of the N- and C-domains of IF3mt with and without the connecting linker were prepared. The Kd’s for the binding of full length IF3mt and its C-domain with and without the linker to mitochondrial 28S subunits are 30, 60 and 95 nM respectively, indicating that much of the ribosome binding interactions are mediated by the C-domain. However, the N-domain binds to 28S subunits with only a 10-fold lower affinity than full length IF3mt. This observation indicates that the N-domain of IF3mt has significant contacts with the protein-rich small subunit of mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes. The linker also plays a role in modulating the interactions between the 28S subunit and the factor; it is not just a physical connector between the two domains. The presence of the two domains and the linker may optimize the overall affinity of IF3mt for the ribosome. These results are in sharp contrast to observations with E. coli IF3. Removal of the N-domain drastically reduces the activity of IF3mt in the dissociation of mitochondrial 55S ribosomes although the C-domain itself retains some activity. This residual activity depends significantly on the linker region. The N-domain alone has no effect on the dissociation of ribosomes. Full-length IF3mt reduces the binding of fMet-tRNA to the 28S subunit in the absence of mRNA. Both the C-terminal extension and the linker are required for this effect. IF3mt promotes the formation of a binary complex between IF2mt and fMet-tRNA that may play an important role in mitochondrial protein synthesis. Both domains play a role promoting the formation of this comple

Cannabinoid Type 2 (CB2) Receptors Activation Protects against Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Associated Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Rotenone Model of Parkinson's Disease

The cannabinoid type two receptors (CB2), an important component of the endocannabinoid system, have recently emerged as neuromodulators and therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). The downregulation of CB2 receptors has been reported in the brains of PD patients. Therefore, both the activation and the upregulation of the CB2 receptors are believed to protect against the neurodegenerative changes in PD. In the present study, we investigated the CB2 receptor-mediated neuroprotective effect of β-caryophyllene (BCP), a naturally occurring CB2 receptor agonist, in, a clinically relevant, rotenone (ROT)-induced animal model of PD. ROT (2.5 mg/kg BW) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily for four weeks to induce PD in male Wistar rats. ROT injections induced a significant loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and DA striatal fibers, following activation of glial cells (astrocytes and microglia). ROT also caused oxidative injury evidenced by the loss of antioxidant enzymes and increased nitrite levels, and induction of proinflammatory cytokines: IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as inflammatory mediators: NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS. However, treatment with BCP attenuated induction of proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators in ROT-challenged rats. BCP supplementation also prevented depletion of glutathione concomitant to reduced lipid peroxidation and augmentation of antioxidant enzymes: SOD and catalase. The results were further supported by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry, which illustrated the rescue of the DA neurons and fibers subsequent to reduced activation of glial cells. Interestingly, BCP supplementation demonstrated the potent therapeutic effects against ROT-induced neurodegeneration, which was evidenced by BCP-mediated CB2 receptor activation and the fact that, prior administration of the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 diminished the beneficial effects of BCP. The present study suggests that BCP has the potential therapeutic efficacy to elicit significant neuroprotection by its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities mediated by activation of the CB2 receptors

Multicultural environment in higher education: The knowledge and perceptions of medical teachers of UNIKL RCMP, Malaysia

Background A clear majority of teaching staff in UniKL-RCMP are expatriates with different cultural backgrounds, and the university currently accepting international students with a different cultural background in addition to the local culturally diverse students. Aims The purpose was to determine the knowledge and awareness of the lecturers of Faculty of Medicine regarding multiculturalism and the importance in the medical profession. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was developed based on the relevant demographic information and knowledge and awareness of the cultural issues and the validity was discussed with a survey expert. Results A total of 43 teachers took part in the survey. The respondents were mostly male, expatriate and had very fewer experiences in teaching students of different cultural background. The most important thing affecting teachers’ competence was their experience in teaching students of different culture, and the teachers with experience in teaching in a multicultural environment felt more competent than the ones without experience. Gender or teaching experience did not have a significant impact on their feeling of competence. However, the teachers believed that training on special education program might have helped them more than their educational background to help develop the cultural competence of the students from different cultural backgrounds. Conclusion This study showed that teachers need more training and experiences of the multicultural education program and to facilitate the development of cultural competence of students with cultural diversity, which should be taken into consideration in the faculty development activitie

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES IN VARIOUS EXTRACTS FROM THE LEAVES OF FLAGELLARIA INDICA L. FROM SABAH, MALAYSIA

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant capacities of the leaves of Flagellaria indica L. (FI) and its phytochemical constituents in six different extracts.Methods: The assessment was done via a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay for the antioxidant test, the Folin-ciocalteau method for total phenolic content, Willet's method for total flavonoid content and several other qualitative phytochemical tests carried out on all extracts.Results: The results show the highest values of radical scavenging in the following order of extracts: butanol>ethyl acetate>aqueous>chloroform>methanol>hexane. The total phenolic content is the highest in the ethyl acetate (e. acetate) extract (153.28 mg/g) followed by butanol (134.78 mg/g), aqueous extract (65.88 mg/g), chloroform (55.28 mg/g), methanol (45.98 mg/g) and hexane (22.78 mg/g), expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The total flavonoids content was also the highest in e. acetate extract (38.96 mg/g) followed by butanol (28.45 mg/g), aqueous (21.18 mg/g), chloroform (12.9 mg/g), methanol (10.78 mg/g) and hexane extract (4.92 mg/g) using cathechin equivalents.Conclusion: The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of FI might be due to the strong presence of phenolic constituents, flavonoids and several other bioactive compounds. Thus, further research can be conducted to elucidate the potential of this plant for pharmacological importance.Â

The effect of spermine on the initiation of mitochondrial protein synthesis

Polyamines are important in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic translational systems. Spermine is a quaternary aliphatic amine that is cationic under physiological conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate that spermine stimulates fMet-tRNA binding to mammalian mitochondrial 55S ribosomes. The stimulatory effect of spermine is independent of the identity of the mRNA. The degree of stimulation of spermine is the same at all concentrations of mitochondrial initiation factor 2 (IF2mt) and mitochondrial initiation factor 3 (IF3mt). This observation indicates that IF2mt and IF3mt, while essential for initiation, are not the primary components of the translation initiation system affected by spermine. IF3mt dissociates 55S ribosomes detectably in the absence of spermine, but this effect is strongly inhibited in the presence of spermine. This observation indicates that the positive effect of spermine on initiation is not due to an increase in the availability of the small subunits for initiation. Spermine also promotes fMet-tRNA binding to small subunits of the mitochondrial ribosome in the presence of IF2mt. The major effect of spermine in promoting initiation complex formation thus appears to be on the interaction of fMet-tRNA with the ribosome

Improved HPLC determination of acidic opines by phenylisothiocyanate derivatization and its application to marine animals.

We present here a reliable and sensitive method for the determination of acidic opines such as meso-alanopine, beta-alanopine, tauropine and strombine in biological samples. Interfering primary amino acids were eliminated by reaction with o-phthalaldehyde, and the derivatized compounds were passed through Sep-Pak Plus PS-1 cartridges. The acidic opines were recovered by flushing the cartridges with water, then determined by high performance liquid chromatography after a second derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate. All 4 acidic opines were detected within 30 min. This method ensured good separation and guaranteed almost full recovery of all acidic opines. This method was applied to analyze opines in marine animals and to test whether opines are metabolized in the livers of the rat and fish.</p