Estimating geological CO2 storage security to deliver on climate mitigation

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) can help nations meet their Paris CO2 reduction commitments cost-effectively. However, lack of confidence in geologic CO2 storage security remains a barrier to CCS implementation. Here we present a numerical program that calculates CO2 storage security and leakage to the atmosphere over 10,000 years. This combines quantitative estimates of geological subsurface CO2 retention, and of surface CO2 leakage. We calculate that realistically well-regulated storage in regions with moderate well densities has a 50% probability that leakage remains below 0.0008% per year, with over 98% of the injected CO2 retained in the subsurface over 10,000 years. An unrealistic scenario, where CO2 storage is inadequately regulated, estimates that more than 78% will be retained over 10,000 years. Our modelling results suggest that geological storage of CO2 can be a secure climate change mitigation option, but we note that long-term behaviour of CO2 in the subsurface remains a key uncertainty

Treatment effects of R-appliance and Anterior Inclined Bite Plate in Class II, Division I malocclusion

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a differently designed functional appliance (R-appliance) and the Anterior Inclined Bite Plate (AIBP) in Class II Division I (Cl II Div I) cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty patients (28 girls, 22 boys) were chosen for the study: 25 patients (13 girls, 12 boys) with mean age of 10.4±0.8 years were treated with R-appliance for 11±2 months, the other 25 patients (15 girls, 10 boys) with mean age of 9±1.2 years were treated with AIBP for 10±2 months. All patients had Cl II Div I malocclusion due to mandibular deficiency. Lateral cephalograms were analyzed at the beginning (T1, T 1) and end of the study (T2, T 2). RESULTS: Paired T-test showed that SNB had a significant increase in both groups. The same test revealed that IMPA was reduced in R-appliance for 3.1±4.7 (p<0.01), but it was increased for 0.1±5.1 (p<0.9) in AIBP group. T-test showed that the inter-group difference of IMPA was statistically significant (p<0.05). SNA showed an increase in both groups (p<0.9). Ar-B and Ar-Pog showed an increase in both groups and the differences between them were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular advancement was achieved in both groups, but R-appliance achieved this result without lingual tipping of lower incisors