USES OF THE PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE EFFECTOR PROTEIN HOPU1 RELATED TO ITSABILITY TO ADP-RBOSYLATE EUKARYOTC RNA BINDING PROTENS

The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas Syringae injects effector proteins into host cells via a type III protein secre tion system to cause disease. The invention relates to the discovery that the type III effector HopU1 is a mono-ADP ribosyltransferase (ADP-RT) and suppresses plant innate immunity. The HopU1 substrates in Arabidopsis thaliana extracts were RNA-binding proteins that possess RNA recognition motifs (RRMs). A. thaliana knock-out lines defective in the glycine-rich RNA-binding protein AtGRP7, a HopU1 substrate, were more susceptible than wild type plants to P syringae. The ADP-ribosylation of AtGRP7 by HopU1 required two arginines within the RRM. The inven tion provides novel methods for the modulation of the innate immune response of a plant to a biotic stress, including methods for enhancing or suppressing the innate immune response of the plant

TRANSGENIC SOYBEAN PLANTS EXPRESSING ASOYBEAN HOMOLOG OF GLYCINE-RICH PROTEIN 7 (GRP7) AND EXHIBITING IMPROVED INNATE IMMUNITY

This disclosure provides for transgenic Soybean plants expressing a soybean homolog of glycine-rich protein 7 (GRP7) and exhibiting improved innate immunity and meth ods of making Such plants

TRANSGENIC SOYBEAN PLANTS EXPRESSING ASOYBEAN HOMOLOG OF GLYCINE-RICH PROTEIN 7 (GRP7) AND EXHIBITING IMPROVED INNATE IMMUNITY

This disclosure provides for transgenic Soybean plants expressing a soybean homolog of glycine-rich protein 7 (GRP7) and exhibiting improved innate immunity and meth ods of making Such plants

Bioenergetics of proline oxidation and related processes in plant mitochondria

A model which provides a balanced application of chemiosmosis to plant mitochondria is presented. In this model, the electron transport chain carriers are sequenced to achieve proton translocation across the inner membrane. In addition, the processes of proton translocation, utilization, and release are integrated to yield a description of the effective proton gradient available for metabolite transport and ATP synthesis;Proline dependent O(,2) uptake in corn mitochondria was investigated and found to occur through a proline DH (dehydrogenase) bound to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This DH activity did not involve NAD reduction, and thus electrons and protons entered the respiratory chain directly. P5C ((DELTA)('1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate) derived from proline was oxidized by a P5C DH that was similar to proline DH in that it was bound to the matrix side of the inner membrane and fed electrons and protons directly into the respiratory chain. Ornithine dependent O(,2) uptake was measurable in corn mitochondria and resulted from an ornithine transaminase coupled with a P5C DH. These enzymes existed as a complex bound to the matrix side of the inner membrane;The effect of various proline analogs on proline oxidation in mitochondria isolated from etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgare) shoots was investigated. Of the analogs tested, only T4C (L-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid) was effective. T4C (1 mM) inhibited proline (10 mM) dependent O(,2) uptake an average of 67%. The effect of T4C on the oxidation of other mitochondrial substrates was also tested. T4C inhibited P5C dependent O(,2) uptake slightly (13%), the oxidation of malate + pyruvate even less (6%), and stimulated the oxidation of succinate (+11%), exogenous NADH (+19%), and citrate (+20%). The effect of T4C on proline metabolism in detached green barley leaves was also investigated. T4C inhibited proline oxidation in turgid leaves, and increased the proline content of these leaves slightly. In wilted leaves (that are synthesizing proline rapidly), T4C inhibited proline synthesis, which resulted in a decrease in the proline content. T4C had no influence on proline incorporation into protein.</p

Mitochondrial Malate Dehydrogenase from Corn

A method to fractionate com (Zea mays L. B73) mitochondria into soluble proteins, high molecular weight soluble proteins, and membrane proteins was developed. These fractions were analyzed by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and assays of mitochondrial enzyme activities. The Krebs cycle enzymes were enriched in the soluble fraction. Malate dehydrogenase has been purified from the soluble fraction by a two-step fast protein liquid chromatography method. Six different malate dehydrogenase peaks were obtained from the Mono 0 column. These peaks were individually purified using a Phenyl Superose column. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified peaks showed that three of the isoenzymes consisted of different homodimers (I, III, VI) and three were different heterodimers (II, IV, V). Apparent molecular masses of the three different monomer subunits were 37, 38, and 39 kilodaltons. Nondenaturing gel analysis of the malate dehydrogenase peaks showed that each Mono 0 peak contained a band of malate dehydrogenase activity with different mobility. These observations are consistent with three nuclear genes encoding com mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase. Polyclonal antibodies raised against purified malate dehydrogenase were used to identify the gene products using Western blots of two-dimensional gels

United States Patent: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE ENCODING MAIZE HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN

This invention relates to the identification and characterization of the maize HSP22 protein including the corresponding nucleic acid molecules, nucleic acid fragments and protein fragments. Further, this invention relates to both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to HSP22 and the production thereof. These antibodies can be used in a method for detecting the presence of HSP22 expression in whole leaf samples. Further, the nucleic acid molecule and fragments thereof can be used in assays to detect the levels of nucleic acid molecules involved in HSP22 expression. The levels of both HSP22 and HSP22 mRNA are then utilized as an indication of a plant\u27s ability to tolerate heat stress. Additionally, plants can be transformed to express increased levels of HSP22

United States Patent Application Publication: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN

This invention relates to the identification and characterization of the maize HSP22 protein including the corresponding nucleic acid molecules, nucleic acid fragments and protein fragments. Further, this invention relates to both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to HSP22 and the production thereof. Those antibodies can be used in a method for detecting the presence of HSP22 expression in whole leaf samples. Further, the nucleic acid molecule and fragments thereof can be used in assays to detect the levels of nucleic acid molecules involved in HSP22 expression. The levels of both HSP22 and HSP22 mRNA are then utilized as an indication of a plant’s ability to tolerate heat stress. Additionally, plants can be transformed to express increased levels of HSP22