Postmortem vitreous humor magnesium does not elevate in salt water drowning when the immersion time is less than an hour

Background Elevation in postmortem vitreous humor sodium and chloride (PMVSC) in salt water drowning (SWD) when the immersion time is less than 1 hour (SWD1) is hypothesized to result from electrolyte changes in blood from salt water inhalation/ingestion during drowning. After approximately 1 hour after death, electrolytes may diffuse into the vitreous humor via the eye coverings. Another abundant element in salt water is magnesium, which is approximately 50 times higher in concentration than the blood and vitreous humor magnesium levels. Magnesium is able to diffuse across the eye coverings but not as easily through the blood-ocular barrier. With these properties, we hypothesize that postmortem vitreous magnesium (PMVM) would not be elevated in SWD1 but become elevated in SWD with immersion times greater than 1 hour (SWD>1). Aim The aim of this article was to investigate the differences in PMVM and PMVSC between nonimmersion deaths, SWD1, and SWD>1. Methods This is a 1-year retrospective study comparing PMVM and PMVSC in nonimmersion deaths, SWD1, and SWD>1. Results Postmortem vitreous magnesium is significantly higher in SWD>1 than SWD1 and nonimmersion deaths, with no significant difference between SWD1 and nonimmersion deaths. Postmortem vitreous humor sodium chloride is statistically higher in SWD1 and SWD>1 than nonimmersion deaths. Conclusions As a conclusion, PMVSC elevates and PMVM does not elevate in SWD1

Postmortem Vitreous Humor Magnesium Does Not Elevate in Salt Water Drowning When the Immersion Time Is Less Than an Hour

Background Elevation in postmortem vitreous humor sodium and chloride (PMVSC) in salt water drowning (SWD) when the immersion time is less than 1 hour (SWD1) is hypothesized to result from electrolyte changes in blood from salt water inhalation/ingestion during drowning. After approximately 1 hour after death, electrolytes may diffuse into the vitreous humor via the eye coverings. Another abundant element in salt water is magnesium, which is approximately 50 times higher in concentration than the blood and vitreous humor magnesium levels. Magnesium is able to diffuse across the eye coverings but not as easily through the blood-ocular barrier. With these properties, we hypothesize that postmortem vitreous magnesium (PMVM) would not be elevated in SWD1 but become elevated in SWD with immersion times greater than 1 hour (SWD>1). Aim The aim of this article was to investigate the differences in PMVM and PMVSC between nonimmersion deaths, SWD1, and SWD>1. Methods This is a 1-year retrospective study comparing PMVM and PMVSC in nonimmersion deaths, SWD1, and SWD>1. Results Postmortem vitreous magnesium is significantly higher in SWD>1 than SWD1 and nonimmersion deaths, with no significant difference between SWD1 and nonimmersion deaths. Postmortem vitreous humor sodium chloride is statistically higher in SWD1 and SWD>1 than nonimmersion deaths. Conclusions As a conclusion, PMVSC elevates and PMVM does not elevate in SWD1

Postmortem vitreous sodium and chloride elevate after 1 hour and magnesium after 2 hours in bovine eyeballs immersed in salt water

Background Postmortem vitreous sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) are good ancillary tests in diagnosing salt-water drowning. Vitreous Na and Cl appear to elevate from salt-water drowning and immersion, whereas vitreous magnesium (Mg) appears to be unaffected by drowning, but elevates from immersion. The relative changes of these electrolytes during salt-water immersion are unknown, particularly with shorter immersion times. Understanding the relative changes may aid in the interpretation of vitreous electrolytes in bodies recovered from salt water. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the changes of vitreous Na, Cl, and Mg when immersed in salt water. Methods Bovine eyeballs were randomized into 2 groups (submerged in salt water and control). The vitreous Na, Cl, and Mg from 6 eyeballs were measured from each group (without replacement) at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours. Results There were no statistically significant elevations in bovine vitreous Na and Cl for up to 1 hour and vitreous Mg for up to 2 hours. Conclusions Bovine vitreous Na and Cl elevate earlier than Mg when immersed in salt water. Assuming similar physical properties, an elevation in vitreous Mg in bodies immersed in salt water indicates the immersion effects of causing raised vitreous Na and Cl have started

Global Assembly on the Climate and Ecological Crisis Evaluation Report

The Global Assembly on the Climate and Ecological Emergency was a pioneering civil society-led initiative. It was the world’s first citizens’ assembly that brought together 100 randomly selected citizens from around the globe to deliberate on the topic: ‘how can humanity address the climate and ecological crisis in a fair and effective way?’ For 68 hours over 11 weeks, Assembly Members listened to expert evidence, exchanged their views in facilitated small group deliberations and plenary sessions, and developed the People’s Declaration for the Sustainable Future of Planet Earth, first disseminated at COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. The Assembly aimed to set an institutional precedent for bringing the voices of ordinary citizens to multilateral negotiations, a space where they are largely absent. The Evaluation Report examines the extent to which the Global Assembly upheld principles of good practice in the process design, deliberative experience, and impact.</p