2,175 research outputs found
Using hybrid GPU/CPU kernel splitting to accelerate spherical convolutions
We present a general method for accelerating by more than an order of
magnitude the convolution of pixelated functions on the sphere with a
radially-symmetric kernel. Our method splits the kernel into a compact
real-space component and a compact spherical harmonic space component. These
components can then be convolved in parallel using an inexpensive commodity GPU
and a CPU. We provide models for the computational cost of both real-space and
Fourier space convolutions and an estimate for the approximation error. Using
these models we can determine the optimum split that minimizes the wall clock
time for the convolution while satisfying the desired error bounds. We apply
this technique to the problem of simulating a cosmic microwave background (CMB)
anisotropy sky map at the resolution typical of the high resolution maps
produced by the Planck mission. For the main Planck CMB science channels we
achieve a speedup of over a factor of ten, assuming an acceptable fractional
rms error of order 1.e-5 in the power spectrum of the output map.Comment: 9 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, accepted by Astronomy & Computing w/
minor revisions. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
arXiv:1211.355
The x ray reflectivity of the AXAF VETA-I optics
The x-ray reflectivity of the VETA-I optic, the outermost shell of the AXAF x-ray telescope, with a bare Zerodur surface, is measured and compared with theoretical predictions. Measurements made at energies of 0.28, 0.9, 1.5, 2.1, and 2.3 keV are compared with predictions based on ray trace calculations. The data were obtained at the x-ray calibrations facility at Marshall Space Flight Center with an electron impact x-ray source located 528 m from the grazing incidence mirror. The source used photoelectric absorption filters to eliminate bremsstrahlung continuum. The mirror has a diameter of 1.2 m and a focal length of 10 m. The incident and reflected x-ray flux are detected using two proportional counters, one located in the incident beam of x-rays at the entrance aperture of the VETA-I, and the other in the focal plane behind an aperture of variable size. Results on the variation of the reflectivity with energy as well as the absolute value of the reflectivity are presented. We also present a synchrotron reflectivity measurement with high energy resolution over the range 0.26 to 1.8 keV on a flat Zerodur sample, done at NSLS. We present evidence for contamination of the flat by a thin layer of carbon on the surface, and the possibility of alteration of the surface composition of the VETA-I mirror perhaps by the polishing technique. The overall agreement between the measured and calculated effective area of VETA-I is between 2.6 percent and 10 percent, depending on which model for the surface composition is adopted. Measurements at individual energies deviate from the best-fitting calculation to 0.3 to 0.8 percent, averaging 0.6 percent at energies below the high energy cutoff of the mirror reflectivity, and are as high as 20.7 percent at the cutoff. We also discuss the approach to the final preflight calibration of the full AXAF flight mirror
Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF): An overview
The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) is the x-ray component of NASA's Great Observatories. To be launched in late 1998, AXAF will provide unprecedented capabilities for high-resolution imaging, spectrometric imaging, and high-resolution disperse spectroscopy, over the x-ray band from about 0.1 keV to 10 keV. With these capabilities, AXAF observations will address many of the outstanding questions in astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology
Validation of a questionnaire algorithm based on repeated open application testing with the constituents of fragrance mix I
Background In a European study on contact allergy in the general population, it was hypothesized that the combination of contact allergy to a fragrance together with a history indicating dermatitis at exposure, and thereafter subsequent avoidance of scented products, implied a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. Objectives The primary aim of this study was to validate this hypothesis and algorithm. The secondary aim was to investigate whether there was any association between the outcome of the repeated open application test (ROAT) and the patch test reactivity. Methods In total, 109 patients with and without contact allergy to fragrance mix (FM) I were recruited. Volunteers from six European dermatology clinics participated in the study including a patch test and a ROAT. Results Positive ROAT reactions were noted in 26 of the 44 volunteers with contact allergy to FM I. None of the volunteers reacted to the vehicle (P <0 center dot 001). More individuals with a positive algorithm had positive ROATs than those with a negative algorithm. However, the difference was not statistically significant. The lower the patch test concentration eliciting a positive test reaction, the more likely a positive ROAT and the more likely that the positive ROAT appeared early during the investigative period. Conclusions The algorithm used in this study was not substantiated in this ROAT set-up. The stronger the patch test reactivity the more likely was a positive ROAT and the more likely it was that the positive ROAT appeared early during the application period. What's already known about this topic? To the best of our knowledge, a scientifically designed and conducted repeated open application test (ROAT) has never been performed before to validate a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis partly based on a questionnaire. What does this study add? This is the largest controlled, randomized and blinded ROAT performed to date. Higher patch test reactivity to fragrance mix I indicated a greater likelihood of a positive ROAT
Theory of Threading Edge and Screw Dislocations in GaN
The atomic structures, electrical properties, and line energies for threading screw and threading edge dislocations of wurtzite GaN are calculated within the local-density approximation. Both dislocations are electrically inactive with a band gap free from deep levels. These results are understood to arise from relaxed core structures which are similar to (1010) surfaces
Validation of questionnaire algorithm based on repeated open application testing with the constituents of fragrance mix II:the EDEN Fragrance Study
Background: In a European study on contact allergy in the general population, it has been hypothesized that the combination of contact allergy to a fragrance together with a history indicating dermatitis at exposure and thereafter subsequent avoidance of scented products implied a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to validate this hypothesis/algorithm. The secondary aim was to investigate whether there was any association between the outcome of the recent repeated open application test (ROAT) and the patch test reactivity. Methods: One hundred nine subjects with and without contact allergy to fragrance mix II (FM II) were recruited. Volunteers from six European dermatology clinics participated in the study including a patch test and a ROAT. Results: Twenty-four positive ROAT reactions were noted in total including 20 of those 32 with contact allergy to FM II. None of the volunteers reacted to the vehicle (P < 0.001). More individuals with a positive algorithm had positive ROATs when compared with those with a negative algorithm. However, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.12). The lower the patch test concentration eliciting a positive test reaction, the more likely was a positive ROAT and the more likely that the positive ROAT appeared early during the investigative period. Conclusions: The algorithm used in this study was not validated but it was indicated in this ROAT setup. The stronger the patch test reactivity the more likely was a positive ROAT and the more likely it was that the positive ROAT appeared early during the application period
The shape of the CMB lensing bispectrum
Lensing of the CMB generates a significant bispectrum, which should be
detected by the Planck satellite at the 5-sigma level and is potentially a
non-negligible source of bias for f_NL estimators of local non-Gaussianity. We
extend current understanding of the lensing bispectrum in several directions:
(1) we perform a non-perturbative calculation of the lensing bispectrum which
is ~10% more accurate than previous, first-order calculations; (2) we
demonstrate how to incorporate the signal variance of the lensing bispectrum
into estimates of its amplitude, providing a good analytical explanation for
previous Monte-Carlo results; and (3) we discover the existence of a
significant lensing bispectrum in polarization, due to a previously-unnoticed
correlation between the lensing potential and E-polarization as large as 30% at
low multipoles. We use this improved understanding of the lensing bispectra to
re-evaluate Fisher-matrix predictions, both for Planck and cosmic variance
limited data. We confirm that the non-negligible lensing-induced bias for
estimation of local non-Gaussianity should be robustly treatable, and will only
inflate f_NL error bars by a few percent over predictions where lensing effects
are completely ignored (but note that lensing must still be accounted for to
obtain unbiased constraints). We also show that the detection significance for
the lensing bispectrum itself is ultimately limited to 9 sigma by cosmic
variance. The tools that we develop for non-perturbative calculation of the
lensing bispectrum are directly relevant to other calculations, and we give an
explicit construction of a simple non-perturbative quadratic estimator for the
lensing potential and relate its cross-correlation power spectrum to the
bispectrum. Our numerical codes are publicly available as part of CAMB and
LensPix.Comment: 32 pages, 10 figures; minor changes to match JCAP-accepted version.
CMB lensing and primordial local bispectrum codes available as part of CAMB
(http://camb.info/
Chandra Phase-Resolved Spectroscopy of the Crab Pulsar
We present the first phase-resolved study of the X-ray spectral properties of
the Crab Pulsar that covers all pulse phases. The superb angular resolution of
the Chandra X-ray Observatory enables distinguishing the pulsar from the
surrounding nebulosity, even at pulse minimum. Analysis of the pulse-averaged
spectrum measures interstellar X-ray extinction due primarily to photoelectric
absorption and secondarily to scattering by dust grains in the direction of the
Crab Nebula. We confirm previous findings that the line-of-sight to the Crab is
underabundant in oxygen, although more-so than recently measured. Using the
abundances and cross sections from Wilms, Allen & McCray (2000) we find [O/H] =
(3.33 +/-0.25) x 10**-4. Analysis of the spectrum as a function of pulse phase
measures the low-energy X-ray spectral index even at pulse minimum -- albeit
with large statistical uncertainty -- and we find marginal evidence for
variations of the spectral index. The data are also used to set a new (3-sigma)
upper limit to the temperature of the neutron star of log T(infinity) < 6.30.Comment: 20 Pages including 7 figures. Accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journa
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