Die Entwicklung regionaler Netzwerke Sozialer Landwirtschaft in Bayern

This paper deals with the establishment and advancement of Social Farming networks in Bavaria. The scientific research of the thesis is based on literature research, the participation in network meetings and as a main point 14 guideline-based interviews. First of all the main motivations and aims of network participants will be described. Thereafter past, present and possible future steps of the three networks in Bavaria will be presented. The final discussion provides assistance, also to other networks, by presenting key success factors of the Bavarian networking activities

OPTIMIZATION OF A SELECTION SCHEME FOR MILK COMPOSITION AND YIELD IN MILKING EWES : Example of the Lacaune Breed

Management of the genetic improvement of milking ewes depends: on the obvious fact that they are both dairy animals and sheep. This paper deals with the Lacaune breed situation in France. It paints out the way to build the selection scheme,on two particular aspects:the need to rationalize and simplify milk recording both for milk composition and milk yield, and the concurrent use of AI and natural mating, within the scope of a pyramidal management of the population. We sum up the main results of studies on these different aspects in this paper. In the course of the last twenty years,phenotypic and genetic improvement for the nucleus and base flocks agrees with these theorical studies

Effect of including major gene information in mass selection: a stochastic simulation in a small population

Using a system of recurrence equations, best linear unbiased prediction applied to a reduced animal model (RAM) is presented for marker-assisted selection. This approach is a RAM version of the method with the animal model to reduce the number of equations per animal to one. The current RAM approach allows simultaneous evaluation of fixed effects and total additive genetic merit which is expressed as the sum of the additive genetic effects due to quantitative trait loci (QTL) unlinked to the marker locus (ML) and the additive effects due to the QTL linked to the ML. The total additive genetic merits for animals with no progeny are predicted by the formulae derived for backsolving. A numerical example is given to illustrate the current RAM approach.Sur la base d’un système d’équations de récurrence, la méthode du meilleur prédicteur linéaire sans biais appliquée à un modèle animal réduit (MAR) est présentée pour la sélection assistée par marqueur. Cette méthode est une version MAR de celle du modèle animal pour réduire à un le nombre d’équations par animal. Cette méthode MAR permet d’estimer simultanément les effets fixés et la valeur génétique globale, qui est la somme des effets génétiques additifs des locus de caractère quantitatif (QTL) non liés au locus marqueur et des effets additifs des QTL liés au locus marqueur. La valeur génétique globale des animaux sans descendance est prédite par un système d’équations reconstitué à partir du système principal. Un exemple numérique est donné pour illustrer la méthode MAR présentée ici

Staphylococcus aureus proteins Sbi and Efb recruit human plasmin to degrade complement C3 and C3b

Upon host infection, the human pathogenic microbe Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) immediately faces innate immune reactions such as the activated complement system. Here, a novel innate immune evasion strategy of S. aureus is described. The staphylococcal proteins surface immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi) and extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) bind C3/C3b simultaneously with plasminogen. Bound plasminogen is converted by bacterial activator staphylokinase or by host-specific urokinase-type plasminogen activator to plasmin, which in turn leads to degradation of complement C3 and C3b. Efb and to a lesser extend Sbi enhance plasmin cleavage of C3/C3b, an effect which is explained by a conformational change in C3/C3b induced by Sbi and Efb. Furthermore, bound plasmin also degrades C3a, which exerts anaphylatoxic and antimicrobial activities. Thus, S. aureus Sbi and Efb comprise platforms to recruit plasmin(ogen) together with C3 and its activation product C3b for efficient degradation of these complement components in the local microbial environment and to protect S. aureus from host innate immune reactions

TCR V α- and V ß-Gene Segment Use in T-Cell Subcultures Derived from a Type-III Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome Patient Deficient in MHC Class-II Expression

Previously, we and others have shown that MHC class-II deficient humans have greatly reduced numbers of CD4+CD8– peripheral T cells. These type-III Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome patients lack MHC class-II and have an impaired MHC class-I antigen expression. In this study, we analyzed the impact of the MHC class-II deficient environment on the TCR V-gene segment usage in this reduced CD4+CD8– T-cell subset. For these studies, we employed TcR V-region-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and a semiquantitative PCR technique with V α and V ß amplimers, specific for each of the most known V α- and V ß;-gene region families. The results of our studies demonstrate that some of the V α-gene segments are used less frequent in the CD4+CD8– T-cell subset of the patient, whereas the majority of the TCR V α- and V ß-gene segments investigated were used with similar frequencies in both subsets in the type-III Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome patient compared to healthy control family members. Interestingly, the frequency of TcR V α12 transcripts was greatly diminished in the patient, both in the CD4+CD8– as well as in the CD4–CD8+ compartment, whereas this gene segment could easily be detected in the healthy family controls. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that within the reduced CD4+CD8– T-cell subset of this patient, most of the TCR V-gene segments tested for are employed. However, a skewing in the usage frequency of some of the V α-gene segments toward the CD4–CD8+ T-cell subset was noticeable in the MHC class-II deficient patient that differed from those observed in the healthy family controls