Factors associated with father involvement in infant care

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with the lack of active father involvement in infant care at four months of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving families of 153 infants at four months of age, interviewed in their homes by two family therapists. In addition to father involvement in infant care, sociodemographic, parental mental health (using the Self Report Questionnaire-20 scale and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria assessment) and quality of couple relationship characteristics (using the Assessment of Relational Functioning from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) were analyzed. Poisson regression was employed to assess the association between lack of father involvement in child care and the variables selected. Prevalence ratio was used to estimate the magnitude of associations. RESULTS: Fathers of 13% of infants had no contact with their children. Among families whose parents lived together (78% of all), 33% of the fathers reported not actively participating in their children's care. Problematic couple relationship and mother as a housewife were associated with lack of father involvement in infant care. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of families whose father is not actively involved with infant care, especially when couple relationship is problematic and the mother does not have a paid job.OBJETIVO: Identificar factores asociados a la falta del envolvimiento activo del papá en los cuidados de niños a los cuatro meses. MÉTODOS: Se realizó estudio transversal involucrando familias de 153 niños de cuatro meses de edad, y se entrevistaron en sus casas por dos terapeutas de familias en Porto Alegre (Sureste de Brasil), 1998-2000. Además de involucrar al padre en los cuidados del lactante se examinaron características sociodemográficas, salud mental de los papás (utilizando la escala Self Report Questionnaire-20 y evaluación con los criterios del Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) y calidad de la relación de pareja (usando la escala GlobalAssesment of Relational Functioning del Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV). Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson para evaluar la asociación entre falta de envolvimiento del papá en los cuidados del hijo y variables seleccionadas. La magnitud de las asociaciones fue estimada por la razón de prevalencia. RESULTADOS: Los papás de 13% de los lactantes no tenían contacto alguno con sus hijos. Entre las familias en que los papás cohabitaban (78% del total), 33% de ellos expresaron no participar activamente en los cuidados de sus hijos. La relación de pareja problemática y la mamá ser "del hogar" se mostraron asociados a la falta de envolvimiento de los papás en los cuidados del hijo. CONCLUSIONES: Es alta la prevalencia de familias en las cuales el papá no se involucra de manera activa en el cuidado de su hijo, ocurriendo en especial cuando la relación de pareja es problemática y la mamá no tiene trabajo remunerado.OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à falta de envolvimento ativo do pai nos cuidados de crianças aos quatro meses. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo famílias de 153 crianças aos quatro meses de vida, entrevistadas em suas casas por dois terapeutas de famílias. Além do envolvimento do pai nos cuidados do lactente foram examinadas características sociodemográficas, saúde mental dos pais (utilizando a escala Self Report Questionnaire-20 e avaliação com os critérios do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV) e qualidade do relacionamento conjugal (usando a escala Global Assessment of Relational Functioning do Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV). Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para avaliar a associação entre falta de envolvimento do pai nos cuidados do filho e variáveis selecionadas. A magnitude das associações foi estimada pela razão de prevalências. RESULTADOS: Os pais de 13% dos lactentes não tinham qualquer contato com seus filhos. Entre as famílias em que os pais coabitavam (78% do total), 33% dos pais relataram não participar ativamente nos cuidados de seus filhos. Relação conjugal problemática e mãe ser "do lar" mostraram-se associadas à falta de envolvimento dos pais nos cuidados do filho. CONCLUSÕES: É alta a prevalência de famílias nas quais o pai não tem envolvimento ativo no cuidado de seu filho, ocorrendo em especial quando a relação conjugal é problemática e a mãe não tem trabalho remunerad

Complementary feeding

Objetivo: Apresentar uma revisão atualizada sobre a alimentação complementar de crianças nos primeiros 2 anos de vida. Métodos: Foram utilizados materiais relevantes sobre o tópico oriundos de revistas científicas, livros técnicos e publicações de organismos internacionais. A fonte mais importante de dados foi a publicação da Organização Mundial da Saúde resultante da reunião sobre alimentação complementar realizada em Montpellier, França, em dezembro de 1995. Resultados: Nos últimos anos, novos conhecimentos sobre a alimentação ideal da criança pequena tornaram obsoletos muitos conceitos e práticas preconizados por muito tempo. Tem sido reconhecida a importância da amamentação exclusiva nos primeiros meses de vida e a introdução de alimentos complementares adequados em tempo oportuno. Por alimento complementar entende-se qualquer alimento nutritivo, sólido - ou líquido, diferente do leite materno, oferecido à criança amamentada. Recomenda-se a introdução dos alimentos complementares em torno dos 6 meses de vida. Esses devem ser ricos em energia, proteínas e micronutrientes, isentos de contaminação, com consistência adequada para a idade e em quantidade apropriada. Na orientação de uma dieta saudável, deve-se levar em conta também a disponibilidade dos alimentos, sua acessibilidade e os valores culturais. Conclusão: Os profissionais de saúde têm um papel relevante na melhoria da nutrição das crianças. Para isso, é necessário que os responsáveis pelas crianças sejam aconselhados adequadamente e conscientizados quanto à importância da alimentação saudável para a saúde atual e futura.Objective: To present an up-to-date review about complementary feeding in infants and children under 2 years old. Methods: Relevant materials from scientific journals, technical books and publications of international organizations were reviewed. The most important source of data was a publication by the World Health Organization resulting from the meeting about complementary feeding carried out in Montpellier, France, in December 1995. Results: In recent years, new knowledge about the ideal way of feeding young children made obsolete many concepts and practices used for a long time. The value of exclusive breast-feeding during the first months of life and the introduction of timely and adequate complementary feeding has been recognized. Complementary food is any nutritious food, solid or liquid, other than breast milk given to the breastfed children. The introduction of complementary foods is recommended around 6 months of life. These foods should be rich in energy, proteins and micronutrients, without contamination, easy for the child to eat, and in adequate amounts. When advising a healthy diet it should be taken in consideration the availability and access of the foods as well as cultural values. Conclusion: Health professionals have an important role for the improvement of children’s nutrition. For that, it is necessary that those responsible for the children receive adequate counseling and become aware of the importance of good nutrition for both present and future health

Cognitive endpoints for therapy development for neuronopathic mucopolysaccharidoses: Results of a consensus procedure

The design and conduct of clinical studies to evaluate the effects of novel therapies on central nervous system manifestations in children with neuronopathic mucopolysaccharidoses is challenging. Owing to the rarity of these disorders, multinational studies are often needed to recruit enough patients to provide meaningful data and statistical power. This can make the consistent collection of reliable data across study sites difficult. To address these challenges, an International MPS Consensus Conference for Cognitive Endpoints was convened to discuss approaches for evaluating cognitive and adaptive function in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses. The goal was to develop a consensus on best practice for the design and conduct of clinical studies investigating novel therapies for these conditions, with particular focus on the most appropriate outcome measures for cognitive function and adaptive behavior. The outcomes from the consensus panel discussion are reported here

Adherence to dietary recommendations for preschoolers: clinical trial with teenage mothers

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of educational dietary intervention offered in the child’s first year of life, as well as teenage mothers and grandmothers in carrying out the dietary recommendations at four to seven years. METHODS Randomized clinical trial initiated in 2006, in Porto Alegre, RS, involving 323 teenage mothers and grandmothers who cohabited. The intervention consisted of six counseling sessions on breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding. The first session occurred in the maternity ward and the other ones in the households of mothers at seven, 15, 30, 60, and 120 days of the child’s life. The information about the child’s diet were obtained on a monthly basis in the first six months, every two months in the second half-year, and at four to seven years, using a food frequency questionnaire. To assess the adequacy of food consumption to the recommendations from the Ministry of Health, we elaborated a score system that would reflect the compliance with the Ten Steps for Healthy Toddlers from 2 to 10 Years. The average scores of intervention and control groups were compared using the t-test. RESULTS Low adherence to recommendations on child nutrition was found in the study population, with no difference in implementation the steps between the groups. The score on the compliance with the steps was similar in both groups (9.6 [SD = 1.63] and 9.3 [SD = 1.60] in the intervention and control groups, respectively) and no influence of the cohabitation with the grandmother was found. CONCLUSIONS Educational dietary intervention in the first four months of the child’s life for teenage mothers and grandmothers had no effect on the compliance with the recommendations at four to seven years of the child’s life

Determinants of breastfeeding initiation within the first hour of life in a Brazilian population: cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Breastfeeding within the first hour of life is a potential mechanism for health promotion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation within the first hour of life in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil, between 2004 and 2005, and investigate the influence of maternal, child and prenatal factors on this practice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a cross-sectional study extracted from the results of a contemporary cohort conducted in 10 maternity hospitals in the city of Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. A group of 1,309 mother-child pairs was included in the study. Information about mother's and baby's characteristics, pregnancy, birth, and time of breastfeeding initiation was collected in the first 72 hours after delivery, through interview with mothers and hospital records. The data gathered were stored and analyzed using the SPSS 16.0 and R 8.0. The chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship between breastfeeding within the first hour and different variables.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>47.1% of the mothers initiated breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. Early initiation of breastfeeding was associated with birth at full term pregnancy (adjusted Prevalence Ratio 1.43; 95% confidence interval 1.10 to 2.00), mothers who received prenatal guidance regarding the advantages of breastfeeding (aPR1.23; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.41) and vaginal delivery (aPR 2.78; 95% CI 2.38 to 3.23).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In order to improve the rates of breastfeeding within the first hour of life, health care professionals must promote the factors favoring this practice such as prenatal guidance regarding the advantages of breastfeeding, vaginal delivery and full term birth, and stimulate this practice in vulnerable situations such as mothers with cesarean section and preterm birth.</p

Counselling sessions increased duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers

Background: Considering that adolescent mothers may be more vulnerable to discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) before 6 months and that their mothers may exert a negative influence on this practice, this study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the efficacy of breastfeeding counselling for adolescent mothers and their mothers in increasing EBF duration. Methods: A clinical trial was performed in 323 adolescent mothers with newborns and their mothers randomized in four groups: (1) not living with mother, without intervention; (2) not living with mother, with intervention; (3) living with mother, without intervention, (4) living with mother, with intervention. The intervention consisted of five counselling sessions directed to mother and grandmother, in the maternity hospital and on follow-up. Information about feeding practices during the newborn’s first six months of life was collected monthly by telephone. Intervention’s efficacy was measured through Cox regression and comparison of exclusive breastfeeding medians and survival curves for the different groups. Results: The intervention increased the duration of EBF by67 days for the group which included grandmothers (HR = 0.64; CI 95% = 0.46-0.90) and 46 days for the group which did not include grandmothers (HR = 0.52; CI 95% = 0.36-0.76). Conclusions: Counselling sessions in the first four months of children’s lives proved to be effective in increasing EBF duration among adolescent mothers