WARFARE AND WELFARE? Understanding 19th and 20th Century Central Government Spending

This paper evaluates theories aiming to explain the size and growth of government spending, develops a framework inclusive of the so-called guns vs. butter tradeoff effect, and offers insights especially for the period 1870-1938. There were differences between the excessive and responsive government explanations, and between the long-run and short-run explanations, as well as cross-section and time series approaches. Here central government spending, conditioned by the regime characteristics, is proposed to be analyzed on the basis of the demand characteristics of military spending and social spending, their interaction, public debt constraints, as well as institutional constraints and other environmental variables.

Warfare and welfare? Understanding 19th and 20th century Central Government spending

This paper evaluates theories aiming to explain the size and growth of government spending, develops a framework inclusive of the so-called guns vs. butter tradeoff effect, and offers insights especially for the period 1870-1938. There were differences between the excessive and responsive government explanations, and between the long-run and short-run explanations, as well as cross-section and time series approaches. Here central government spending, conditioned by the regime characteristics, is proposed to be analyzed on the basis of the demand characteristics of military spending and social spending, their interaction, public debt constraints, as well as institutional constraints and other environmental variables

Maailmansodat

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Smooth sailing toward more peaceful societies? : Long-run Nordic development paths

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Christopher Lloyd and Matti Hannikainen.In this chapter, the authors aim to compare the Nordic societies in a broad fashion in the last 200 years in their process of “sailing” (with the implication of rough waters along the way) from social fragmentation to more inclusive welfare societies. The authors’ main goal is to examine the coevolution of economic, political, and fiscal factors among the Nordic societies in the long run by making use of recent longitudinal data sets. In this way, they can map out some key patterns that characterized the shift toward more peaceful and well-functioning societies. First, the authors focus on the process towards economic and political convergence that took place, with some exceptions, in the latter part of the 20th century. Second, they also examine how these processes of convergence translated into the realm of fiscal and social policies and to what extent they were related to decreasing levels of social fragmentation. The chapter shows that the paths towards welfare states were not uniform among the Nordic countries and that some of the pivotal forces and periods were connected to various types of crises, namely, that these were not processes that were smooth or inevitable. The chapter concludes with some general findings and a discussion of current-day problems among the Nordic societies from a comparative historical perspective.Peer reviewe

Kuka hallitsee radioaaltoja? Radio vaikutus vuosien 1946 ja 1948 kansallisiin vaaleihin Argentiinassa

Our goal in this article is to examine what role radio played in the Argentinian elections of 1946 and 1948 – i.e., whether this medium helped Juan Domingo Perón secure his electoral victories. Through the evaluation of the preceding elections and the emergence of radio in Argentina, the analysis of the two elections will be conducted both qualitatively, via discussion of the political economy surrounding the elections; as well as quantitatively, through an examination of the determining factors of their respective outcomes. We argue that radio played a pivotal role in the elections, especially in 1946, since it provided an effective advertising and public opinion tool for Perón. Moreover, the nationalization of the radio networks in the same period helped to enable Perón’s control going forward, both among certain voting constituencies and certain regions.Peer reviewe

Young Lads and Old Tars : Changing Age Structure of the Nordic Sailors, 1750s-1930s

This article analyzes the changing age structure of Swedish and Finnish sailors for almost 200 years. We show that the proportion of the youngest men increased during the age of sail (i.e., the older technology). The average age increased significantly during the early twentieth century as steam (i.e., the newer technology) replaced sail in Nordic shipping. Thus, a technological revolution did not displace the older workers, but rather diminished the demand for the younger ones. This study shows, however, that technological changes were not the only drivers of changes in the age structure of Nordic sailors. Institutional and societal changes also played an important role, though they were at least partly coevolving with the technological changes. This study also shows that the maritime industry experienced professionalization especially during the latter part of the period.Peer reviewe

Suomen taloushistorian kokonaislinjoja etsimässä

Valtiovarainministeriön historia. 1-3 / Sakari Heikkinen, Seppo Tiihonen ; [julkaisija: Valtiovarainministeriö]. Helsinki : Edita, 2009-2010

Ansiokas uusi tutkimus suomalaisen laivanrakennuksen kehityksestä

Arvosteltu teos: Valtio ja suurteollisuuden synty: Laivanrakennusteollisuuden kehittyminen yhteiskunnallisissa teknopoliittisissa järjestelmissä Suomessa 1918-1954 / Aaro Sahari. Helsinki : Helsingin yliopisto, 2018

The demand for external security by domestic choices :military spending as an impure public good among eleven European states, 1920-1938

Defence date: 2 July 2002Examining Board: Prof. Mark Harrison, University of Warwick (external supervisor); Prof. Riita Hjerppe, University of Helsinki; Prof. Alan Milward, European University Institute; Prof. Jaime Reis, University of Lisbon (supervisor)First made available online on 11 April 2018This thesis is the outcome of years of research on the complex aspects of military spending among various countries in the interwar period. It would not have been possible to complete this study without the help and encouragement of numerous individuals and organizations, although the ultimate responsibility for the remaining errors is of course mine. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude is owed to Professor Jaime Reis, whose intellectual challenges and individual support have been invaluable in order for me to reach the conclusion of this journey. Secondly, the same goes for Professor Mark Harrison’s untiring efforts to sharpen and develop the theoretical and empirical premises of this thesis, as well as for his kind assistance during my recent stay at the University o f Warwick. In addition, Professor Alan Milward’s comments and scholarly challenges have greatly influenced my stay here in Florence. Of the rest of the faculty here, I would also like to mention Professor Giovanni Federico's and Professor Arfon Rees' insightful seminars and intellectual companionship. The friendship and scientific challenges posed by certain of my fellow researchers have been invaluable: Gerben Bakker, Marc Prat, Tobias Witschke, Svetlozar Andreev, and Babak Rahimi. Data has been provided over the years by, among others, numerous professors and researchers: Erik Buyst, Piet Clement, Herman de Jong, Olga Christodoulaki, Thomas David, Olle Krantz, and Jan Tore Klovland. Moreover, a thank you should also be directed towards the staff of the Department of History and Civilisation during these years, especially Rita Peero and Angela Schenk. The EUI library has offered good facilities for this comparative effort, for which also Dr. Serge Noiret should be thanked

Ruotsin ja Portugalin välinen kauppa 1700-luvulla - STRO:n luotettavuuden arviointi ruotsalaisten ja portugalilaisten lähteiden perusteella

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