Differential constituents in roots, stems and leaves of Newbouldia laevis Thunb. screened by LC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS

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Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of different parts of Ficus sur

Introduction: Ficus sur is a plant widely used in traditional pharmacopoeia in Togo. So, this study aimed the assessment of antioxidant properties and identification of some compounds from the ethanolic extracts of different parts of the plant (leaves, fruits, roots, and barks). Methods: The phenolic and flavonoid contents of the ethanolic extracts of different organs of Ficus sur were assessed using conventional known methods. The DPPH radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to highlight the antioxidant activities. The different extract samples were also analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time of flight mass detector (ESI-QTOF). Results: Total phenolic contents (TPCs) for 1 mg of dry extract ranged from 489.40 ± 7.48 μg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) for the bark to 62.34 ± 2.66 μg GAE for unripe fruits. The bark exhibited the highest flavonoid content, which was closed to 90.20 ± 3.72 μg QE (quercetin equivalents)/mg of dry extract. The radical scavenging activities of the bark and unripe fruits were 56.50 ± 0.29 and 7.3 ± 0.30 μg QE/mg of dry extract, respectively. In the same order, the FRAP values of the two organs were 104.57 ± 4.75 and 19.61 ± 0.22 μmol FeSO4 Eq/mg of dry extract. Many compounds including notoginsenoside R10; 4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol; catechin; and boviquinone 4 were identified. Conclusion: The various organs of Ficus sur are a source of bioactive compounds especially phenolic compounds and flavonoids with antioxidant activit

A Comparative Study of the Chemical Composition of the Extracts from Leaves, Stem Bark, and Root Bark of Cassia sieberiana: Antibacterial Activities

In Togo, the abusive use of the root of Cassia sieberiana D.C. in traditional medicine, contributes gradually to the rarefaction of the species. The general objective of this study is to promote the use of vital organs of Cassia sieberiana in traditional medicine in Togo. The identification of secondary metabolites of the extracts (cyclohexane, dichloromethane and methanol) was carried out by GC-MS and by CL-MS / MS. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed according to the well diffusion method and the MICs and MBCs according to the tube dilution method. Compounds such as sitosterol α-acetate, β-sitosterol, emodin, chaetochromine, luteolin, (±) -catechin, naringenin 5-O-rhamnoside, guibourtinidol- (4 alpha-> 6) -catechin and (-) - epiafzelechin are found in the root and in the stem bark. The identified molecules give the different methanolic extracts, an antibacterial effect on all the germs tested. At the end of this study, it appears that the chemical composition of the stem bark is almost similar to that of the root bark. The leaves would be better placed for the treatment of bacteria tested

Untargeted Metabolomics of Tomato Plants after Root-Knot Nematode Infestation

After 2 months from the infestation of tomato plants with the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita, we performed a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry untargeted fingerprint analysis for the identification of characteristic metabolites and biomarkers. Principal component analysis, and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis suggested dramatic local changes of the plant metabolome. In the case of tomato leaves, β-alanine, phenylalanine, and melibiose were induced in response to RKN stimuli, while ribose, glycerol, myristic acid, and palmitic acid were reduced. For tomato stems, upregulated metabolites were ribose, sucrose, fructose, and glucose, while fumaric acid and glycine were downregulated. The variation in molecular strategies to the infestation of RKNs may play an important role in how Solanum lycopersicum and other plants adapt to nematode parasitic stress

Haloacetophenones as newly potent nematicides against Meloidogyne incognita

Acetophenones are a class of aromatic compounds frequently produced by plants as a response to a stress or as a protection reaction against parasites or herbivors. In the present research, we investigated the role of the carbonyl moiety in a series of commercially available aromatic ketones tested for their nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood. Interestingly, we found that the presence of electron withdrawing groups onto the aromatic ring were highly efficient in inducing nematode paralysis and death (EC50/24h between 2.5 and 54.8mg/L and EC50/72h between 2.3 and 65.6mg/L, respectively). Moreover, a chlorine atom in α-position to the carbonyl functionality emerged as a key residue in improving acetophenones activity. In this paper, the nematicidal ability of a series of differently substituted acetophenones is reported and the preliminary structure-activity relationship studies are also discussed. We also performed an in vitro GC-MS metabolomics analysis on the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida, after treatment with 2,4'-dichloroacetophenone (6) at 100mg/L for 24h. The 1-dodecanol and talose were evidenced as the main upregulated metabolites, suggesting a possible V-ATPase dysfunction

Electron-Deficient Alkynes as Powerful Tools against Root-Knot Nematode Melodogyne incognita: Nematicidal Activity and Investigation on the Mode of Action

The present study reports on the powerful nematicidal activity of a series of electron-deficient alkynes against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Interestingly, we found that the conjugation of electron-withdrawing carbonyl groups to an alkyne triple bond was extremely proficient in inducing nematode paralysis and death. In particular, dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate (10), 3-butyn-2-one (1), and methyl propiolate (4), with EC50/48 h of 1.54 ± 0.16, 2.38 ± 0.31, and 2.83 ± 0.28 mg/L, respectively, were shown to be the best tested compounds. Earlier studies reported on the ability of alkynoic esters and alkynones to induce a chemoselective cysteine modification of unprotected peptides. Thus, also following our previous findings on the impairment of vacuolar-type proton translocating ATPase functionality by activated carbonyl derivatives, we speculate that the formation of a vinyl sulfide linkage might be responsible for the nematicidal activity of the presented electron-deficient alkynes

Nematicidal activity of some essential plant oils from tropical West Africa

Plant parasitic nematodes are among the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide and their control is very challenging. Plant essential oils (EOs) have showed a great potential in nematode control. In this work, EOs from 10 aromatic plants acclimatized in Togo were assessed in vitro for their nematicidal activity on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. EOs were subsequently analyzed by GC-MS and compounds were tested individually on nematodes. The most potent EOs were: Ocimum sanctum L., Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng and Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume with EC 50/72h values of 282 ± 53, 288 ± 30 and 355 ± 126 mg/L, respectively. The EC 50/48h values of tested compounds were 81 ± 14, 117 ± 33, 128 ± 42, 141 ± 47, 168 ± 40, 216 ± 86 and 235 ± 43 mg/L for cinnamyl acetate, methyl eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol, acetyl eugenol, isoeugenol, eugenol and benzyl benzoate, respectively. Furthermore, we found a synergistic nematicidal activity when we combined phenylpropanoids compounds with carvone. EOs and their constituents described herein merit further studies, especially in pot experiments before serving as nematicides

Nematicidal weeds, Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium

We investigated Solanum nigrum (seeds) and Datura stramonium (shoots) against root-knot nematodes in terms of J2 paralysis and egg hatch inhibition (methanol extract), as well as inhibition of nematode development in host roots (soil amending with either S. Nigrum seeds' or D. Stramonium shoots' meal). Datura stramonium was found equally effective at inhibiting motility of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica (both EC50 = 427 μ g mL-1 at 3 day), but inhibition occurred more quickly for M. incognita (1 day). Solanum nigrum was faster and more effective at inhibiting motility of M. incognita than M. javanica (EC50 = 481 and 954 μ g mL-1 at 3 day, respectively). Datura stramonium was slower, but eventually more potent in decreasing egg hatch and cell division in M. incognita eggs, than S. Nigrum. Specifically, D. Stramonium significantly inhibited cell division in eggs immersed in at least 100 and 1 μ g mL-1 at Day 6 and 10, respectively. Solanum nigrum impeded cell division in un-differentiated eggs immersed in not less than 10 and 100 μ g mL-1 after days 2 and 6, respectively. Both extracts were similar in suppressing J2 exclosure but D. Stramonium was effective in smaller test concentrations. Specifically, D. Stramonium suppressed J2 emerging from eggs immersed in 10 μ g mL-1 at day2, and in at least 1 μ g mL-1 at day 6. Solanum nigrum significantly reduced J2 hatch from eggs immersed in a minimum of 100 μ g mL-1 at day 2 and not less than 1,000 μ g mL-1 at day 6. In pots, powdered S. Nigrum seeds meal was more active than D. Stramonium and the respective EC50 females/g values for M. incognita were 1.13 and 11.4 mg g-1 of soil, respectively. The chemical composition of active extracts was determined after derivatization by GC-MS. Chemical analysis of active extracts showed the presence of fatty acids with known nematicidal activity

Composition chimique et activité insecticide de l’huile essentielle des fruits de Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) sur Callosobruchus maculatus

peer reviewedSteam distillation of Xylopa aethiopica (Annonaceae) dried fruits collected at Badou in Akposso region (Togo) gave a colourless essential oil with an overall yield of 3.5% (dry matter). From GC and GC/MS analysis 43 components were identified which represented more than 95% of the essential oil composition. The major components are found to be β-pinene (31.92%), germacrene-D (13.04%), α-pinene (10.28%), sabinene (7.88%), 1,8-cineole (4.87%). Xylopa aethiopica essential oil had a strong and interesting insecticidal activity against Callosobruchus maculatus a major cowpea stored products pest. With dose of 7µL/L of essential oil, more than 98% mortality of weevil was observed after 24 hours of application