Etablissement et caractérisation de nouveaux modèles in vitro de barrière hémato-encéphalique (de la recherche fondamentale à la recherche appliquée)

La barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE), localisée au niveau des capillaires cérébraux, est une composante cruciale de l unité neuro-glio-vasculaire car elle est responsable du maintien de l homéostasie cérébrale. En limitant l accès de nombreuses molécules au parenchyme cérébral, cette structure protège efficacement le système nerveux central (SNC) de composés toxiques, mais empêche ainsi de nombreux médicaments d atteindre leur cible. La difficulté à étudier les caractéristiques et la perméabilité de la BHE in vivo a mené lesscientifiques à développer différents modèles in vitro de BHE. Notre modèle, qui consiste en une coculture decellules endothéliales de capillaires cérébraux et de cellules gliales, a été largement caractérisé : il exprime les caractéristiques de la BHE in vivo et s est avéré utile dans l étude des interactions cellulaires au sein de la BHEen conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. Le modèle de coculture initialement développé a été complété par l addition de péricytes cérébraux afin de former des tricultures. En effet, les péricytes apparaissent aujourd hui comme des acteurs importants de la BHE, mais sont souvent absents des modèles in vitro. Réunir les trois principales populations cellulaires formant la BHE (cellules endothéliales, cellules gliales et péricytes cérébraux) semble nécessaire afin de reproduire encore plus finement la configuration retrouvée in vivo, dans le but de comprendre les interactions cellulaires ayant cours au sein de la BHE en conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. Sur la base de notre coculture originelle, deux tricultures ont été mises en place : alors que dans la première les péricytes sont cultivés à distance des cellules endothéliales, ces deux types cellulaires sont étroitement associés dans le second. Les deux modèles ont été caractérisés en terme de morphologie et d expression de marqueurs endothéliaux, de perméabilité paracellulaire et d expression de pompes d efflux, démontrant qu ils représentent tous deux des modèles pertinents de BHE. Ils permettront d étudier la contribution des péricytes au phénotype de BHE et à sa réponse en conditions pathologiques, prenant en considération la composante glio-vasculaire. Dans la majorité des cas, l utilisation des modèles in vitro de BHE au cours des processus de découverte de médicaments vise à prédire si de potentielles molécules thérapeutiques à visée cérébrale peuvent atteindre le SNC, permettant leur effet pharmacologique au niveau de leur cible centrale. Cependant, ces modèles neprésentent généralement pas un débit suffisant pour évaluer rapidement la perméabilité du grand nombre de composés générés par l industrie pharmaceutique lors des étapes précoces de la découverte de médicaments.The blood-brain barrier (BBB), located at the level of brain capillaries, is a crucial component of the neurogliovascular unit where it is responsible for brain homeostasis maintenance. By limiting the access of molecules to the brain parenchyma, it effectively protects the central nervous system (CNS) from harmful substances, but at the same time represents a major hurdle for potential neuropharmaceuticals to reach their central target. The difficulty to study BBB features and permeability in vivo led to the development of different in vitro BBB models. Our model, consisting of a coculture of brain capillary endothelial cells and glial cells, has been extensively characterized: it provides a robust model exhibiting in vivo BBB characteristics and hasproved useful in elucidating the cellular interactions at the level of the BBB in physiological and pathological conditions.The initially developed coculture model was completed by the addition of brain pericytes to design threecell culture models. Indeed, pericytes now appear as important actors of BBB formation and maintenance, but are often absent of in vitro BBB models. Gathering the three major cell populations forming the BBB endothelial cells, glial cells and pericytes seems important to more accurately reproduce in vivo configuration, with the aim of understanding cellular interactions in physiological and pathological conditions. On the basis of our original coculture model, two different three-cell culture models were designed: while pericytes were cultured distant from endothelial cells in the first model, both were closely associated in the second one. Both models were characterized in terms of endothelial marker expression and morphology, paracellular permeability and expression of efflux pumps, demonstrating that they provide reliable in vitro BBB models. They maybe useful in deciphering the contribution of pericytes to the BBB phenotype and in the response of BBB to injury, taking into account the gliovascular component. In most cases, the intended use of in vitro BBB models in drug discovery is to predict whether investigational drugs are likely to achieve relevant CNS exposure to elicit the desired pharmacological effect. However, in vitro BBB models usually do not allow high enough through put to efficiently evaluate the large number of compounds generated by pharmaceutical companies in early drug discovery stages.ARRAS-Bib.electronique (620419901) / SudocSudocFranceF

The choroid plexus may be an underestimated site of tumor invasion to the brain: an in vitro study using neuroblastoma cell lines

Background: The central nervous system (CNS) is protected by several barriers, including the blood–brain (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCSFB) barriers. Understanding how cancer cells circumvent these protective barriers to invade the CNS is of crucial interest, since brain metastasis during cancer is often a fatal event in both children and adults. However, whereas much effort has been invested in elucidating the process of tumor cell transmigration across the BBB, the role of the BCSFB might still be underestimated considering the significant number of meningeal cancer involvement. Our work aimed to investigate the transmigration of neuroblastoma cells across the BCSFB in vitro. Methods: We used an inverted model of the human BCSFB presenting proper restrictive features including adequate expression of tight-junction proteins, low permeability to integrity markers, and high trans-epithelial electrical resistance. Two different human neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y and IMR-32) were used to study the transmigration process by fluorescent microscopy analysis. Results: The results show that neuroblastoma cells are able to actively cross the tight human in vitro BCSFB model within 24 h. The presence and transmigration of neuroblastoma cancer cells did not affect the barrier integrity within the duration of the experiment. Conclusions: In conclusion, we presume that the choroid plexus might be an underestimated site of CNS invasion, since neuroblastoma cell lines are able to actively cross a choroid plexus epithelial cell layer. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of tumor cell transmigration in vitro and in vivo

Établissement et caractérisation de nouveaux modèlesin vitro de barrière hémato-encéphalique : de la recherche fondamentale à la recherche appliquée

The blood-brain barrier (BBB), located at the level of brain capillaries, is a crucial component of the neurogliovascular unit where it is responsible for brain homeostasis maintenance. By limiting the access of molecules to the brain parenchyma, it effectively protects the central nervous system (CNS) from harmful substances, but at the same time represents a major hurdle for potential neuropharmaceuticals to reach their central target. The difficulty to study BBB features and permeabilityin vivo led to the development of different in vitro BBB models. Our model, consisting of a coculture of brain capillary endothelial cells and glial cells, has been extensively characterized: it provides a robust model exhibitingin vivo BBB characteristics and has proved useful in elucidating the cellular interactions at the level of the BBB in physiological and pathological conditions. The initially developed coculture model was completed by the addition of brain pericytes to design three-cell culture models. Indeed, pericytes now appear as important actors of BBB formation and maintenance, but are often absent ofin vitro BBB models. Gathering the three major cell populations forming the BBB - endothelial cells, glial cells and pericytes - seems important to more accurately reproducein vivoconfiguration, with the aim of understanding cellular interactions in physiological and pathological conditions. On the basis of our original coculture model, two different three-cell culture models were designed: while pericytes were cultured distant from endothelial cells in the first model, both were closely associated in the second one. Both models were characterized in terms of endothelial marker expression and morphology, paracellular permeability and expression of efflux pumps, demonstrating that they provide reliable in vitro BBB models. They may be useful in deciphering the contribution of pericytes to the BBB phenotype and in the response of BBB to injury, taking into account the gliovascular component. In most cases, the intended use of in vitro BBB models in drug discovery is to predict whether investigational drugs are likely to achieve relevant CNS exposure to elicit the desired pharmacological effect. However, in vitro BBB models usually do not allow high enough throughput to efficiently evaluate the large number of compounds generated by pharmaceutical companies in early drug discovery stages. Adapted from our original co-culture model, a firstin vitro BBB model has been developed to meet the increasing need for BBB screening solutions, by reducing its format (24-well instead of 6-well format), and limiting time, cost and technical needs. Nevertheless, the associated procedure still required some technical skills to achieve a properin vitro BBB model, related to the critical trypsinization step of endothelial cells. We aimed at making this model even simpler, by providing this model in a frozen format that allows the final user to dedicate minimal time and resource. All tested BBB features attest of the reliability of this newin vitro BBB model to support drug discovery in pharmaceutical but also in smaller biotech companies. The work presented herein aimed at adapting our original coculture model to address different issues. On the one hand, simplifying the associated procedure allows to produce BBB permeability data at a large scale in early drug discovery. On the other hand, integrating pericytes in the model allows to study cellular interactions within the gliovascular component. These models may therefore respectively contribute to the development of neurotherapeutics with improved BBB permeability, and to a better knowledge of cellular intercommuni- cations within the BBB in health and disease.La barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE), localisée au niveau des capillaires cérébraux, est une compo- sante cruciale de l'unité neuro-glio-vasculaire car elle est responsable du maintien de l'homéostasie cérébrale. En limitant l'accès de nombreuses molécules au parenchyme cérébral, cette structure protège efficacement le système nerveux central (SNC) de composés toxiques, mais empêche ainsi de nombreux médicaments d'atteindre leur cible. La difficulté à étudier les caractéristiques et la perméabilité de la BHE in vivo a mené les scientifiques à développer différents modèlesin vitro de BHE. Notre modèle, qui consiste en une coculture de cellules endothéliales de capillaires cérébraux et de cellules gliales, a été largement caractérisé : il exprime les caractéristiques de laBHEin vivoet s'est avéré utile dans l'étude des interactions cellulaires au sein de la BHE en conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. Le modèle de coculture initialement développé a été complété par l'addition de péricytes cérébraux afin de former des tricultures. En effet, les péricytes apparaissent aujourd'hui comme des acteurs importants de la BHE, mais sont souvent absents des modèles in vitro. Réunir les trois principales populations cellulaires formant la BHE(cellules endothéliales, cellules gliales et péricytes cérébraux) semble nécessaire afin de reproduire encore plus finement la configuration retrouvéein vivo, dans le but de comprendre les interactions cellulaires ayant cours au sein de la BHEen conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. Sur la base de notre coculture originelle, deux tricultures ont été mises en place : alors que dans la première les péricytes sont culti- vés à distance des cellules endothéliales, ces deux types cellulaires sont étroitement associés dans le second. Les deux modèles ont été caractérisés en terme de morphologie et d'expression de marqueurs endothéliaux, de perméabilité paracellulaire et d'expression de pompes d'efflux, démontrant qu'ils représentent tous deux des modèles pertinents de BHE. Ils permettront d'étudier la contribution des péricytes au phénotype de BHE et à sa réponse en conditions pathologiques, prenant en considération la composante glio-vasculaire. Dans la majorité des cas, l'utilisation des modèlesin vitro de BHE au cours des processus de découverte de médicaments vise à prédire si de potentielles molécules thérapeutiques à visée cérébrale peuvent atteindre le SNC, permettant leur effet pharmacologique au niveau de leur cible centrale. Cependant, ces modèles ne présentent généralement pas un débit suffisant pour évaluer rapidement la perméabilité du grand nombre de composés générés par l'industrie pharmaceutique lors des étapes précoces de la découverte de médicaments. A partir de notre coculture d'origine, un premier modèle a été développé pour l'adapter au criblage de molécules en réduisant son format (24 puits au lieu de 6 puits) ainsi que son coût, le temps de culture et les besoins techniques associés. Cette procédure comprend toutefois une étape critique de trypsinisation des cellules endothéliales. Nous avons souhaité rendre ce modèle encore plus facile d'utilisation en le fournissant congelé, afin que l'utilisateur final consacre un minimum de temps et de ressources techniques. Toutes ses caractéris- tiques montrent qu'il constitue un modèle in vitro de BHE pertinent et fiable pouvant répondre au besoin de criblage de composés des groupes pharmaceutiques et des petites entreprises de biotechnologie. Le travail réalisé a permis d'adapter notre modèle deBHEoriginel à deux problématiques. D'une part, la simplification de la procédure associée à sa mise en place permet de répondre aux besoins de l'indus- trie pharmaceutique de générer des données de perméabilité à grande échelle, lors des phrases précoces de la découverte de médicaments. D'autre part, l'intégration des péricytes cérébraux au sein du modèle permet d'étudier les interactions cellulaires mises en jeu au sein de la composante glio-vasculaire. Ces modèles pourront donc respectivement contribuer au développement de médicaments à visée cérébrale dont la perméabilité à travers laBHEpourra être optimisée, et à l'étude les intercommunications cellulaires mises en jeu au niveau de la BHE en conditions physiologiques et pathologiques

Establishment and characterization of new in vitro blood-rain barrier models : from fundamental to applied research

La barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE), localisée au niveau des capillaires cérébraux, est une composante cruciale de l’unité neuro-glio-vasculaire car elle est responsable du maintien de l’homéostasie cérébrale. En limitant l’accès de nombreuses molécules au parenchyme cérébral, cette structure protège efficacement le système nerveux central (SNC) de composés toxiques, mais empêche ainsi de nombreux médicaments d’atteindre leur cible. La difficulté à étudier les caractéristiques et la perméabilité de la BHE in vivo a mené lesscientifiques à développer différents modèles in vitro de BHE. Notre modèle, qui consiste en une coculture decellules endothéliales de capillaires cérébraux et de cellules gliales, a été largement caractérisé : il exprime les caractéristiques de la BHE in vivo et s’est avéré utile dans l’étude des interactions cellulaires au sein de la BHEen conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. Le modèle de coculture initialement développé a été complété par l’addition de péricytes cérébraux afin de former des tricultures. En effet, les péricytes apparaissent aujourd’hui comme des acteurs importants de la BHE, mais sont souvent absents des modèles in vitro. Réunir les trois principales populations cellulaires formant la BHE (cellules endothéliales, cellules gliales et péricytes cérébraux) semble nécessaire afin de reproduire encore plus finement la configuration retrouvée in vivo, dans le but de comprendre les interactions cellulaires ayant cours au sein de la BHE en conditions physiologiques et pathologiques. Sur la base de notre coculture originelle, deux tricultures ont été mises en place : alors que dans la première les péricytes sont cultivés à distance des cellules endothéliales, ces deux types cellulaires sont étroitement associés dans le second. Les deux modèles ont été caractérisés en terme de morphologie et d’expression de marqueurs endothéliaux, de perméabilité paracellulaire et d’expression de pompes d’efflux, démontrant qu’ils représentent tous deux des modèles pertinents de BHE. Ils permettront d’étudier la contribution des péricytes au phénotype de BHE et à sa réponse en conditions pathologiques, prenant en considération la composante glio-vasculaire. Dans la majorité des cas, l’utilisation des modèles in vitro de BHE au cours des processus de découverte de médicaments vise à prédire si de potentielles molécules thérapeutiques à visée cérébrale peuvent atteindre le SNC, permettant leur effet pharmacologique au niveau de leur cible centrale. Cependant, ces modèles neprésentent généralement pas un débit suffisant pour évaluer rapidement la perméabilité du grand nombre de composés générés par l’industrie pharmaceutique lors des étapes précoces de la découverte de médicaments.The blood-brain barrier (BBB), located at the level of brain capillaries, is a crucial component of the neurogliovascular unit where it is responsible for brain homeostasis maintenance. By limiting the access of molecules to the brain parenchyma, it effectively protects the central nervous system (CNS) from harmful substances, but at the same time represents a major hurdle for potential neuropharmaceuticals to reach their central target. The difficulty to study BBB features and permeability in vivo led to the development of different in vitro BBB models. Our model, consisting of a coculture of brain capillary endothelial cells and glial cells, has been extensively characterized: it provides a robust model exhibiting in vivo BBB characteristics and hasproved useful in elucidating the cellular interactions at the level of the BBB in physiological and pathological conditions.The initially developed coculture model was completed by the addition of brain pericytes to design threecell culture models. Indeed, pericytes now appear as important actors of BBB formation and maintenance, but are often absent of in vitro BBB models. Gathering the three major cell populations forming the BBB – endothelial cells, glial cells and pericytes – seems important to more accurately reproduce in vivo configuration, with the aim of understanding cellular interactions in physiological and pathological conditions. On the basis of our original coculture model, two different three-cell culture models were designed: while pericytes were cultured distant from endothelial cells in the first model, both were closely associated in the second one. Both models were characterized in terms of endothelial marker expression and morphology, paracellular permeability and expression of efflux pumps, demonstrating that they provide reliable in vitro BBB models. They maybe useful in deciphering the contribution of pericytes to the BBB phenotype and in the response of BBB to injury, taking into account the gliovascular component. In most cases, the intended use of in vitro BBB models in drug discovery is to predict whether investigational drugs are likely to achieve relevant CNS exposure to elicit the desired pharmacological effect. However, in vitro BBB models usually do not allow high enough through put to efficiently evaluate the large number of compounds generated by pharmaceutical companies in early drug discovery stages

A High Output Method to Isolate Cerebral Pericytes from Mouse

International audienceIn recent years, cerebral pericytes have become the focus of extensive research in vascular biology and pathology. The importance of pericytes in blood brain barrier formation and physiology is now demonstrated but its molecular basis remains largely unknown. As the pathophysiological role of cerebral pericytes in neurological disorders is intriguing and of great importance, the in vitro models are not only sufficiently appropriate but also able to incorporate different techniques for these studies. Several methods have been proposed as in vitro models for the extraction of cerebral pericytes, although an antibiotic-free protocol with high output is desirable. Most importantly, a method that has increased output per extraction reduces the usage of more animals. Here, we propose a simple and efficient method for extracting cerebral pericytes with sufficiently high output. The mouse brain tissue homogenate is mixed with a BSA-dextran solution for the separation of the tissue debris and microvascular pellet. We propose a three-step separation followed by filtration to obtain a microvessel rich filtrate. With this method, the quantity of microvascular fragments obtained from 10 mice is sufficient to seed 9 wells (9.6 cm2 each) of a 6-well plate. Most interestingly with this protocol, the user can obtain 27 pericyte rich wells (9.6 cm2 each) in passage 2. The purity of the pericyte cultures are confirmed with the expression of classical pericyte markers: NG2, PDGFR-β and CD146. This method demonstrates an efficient and feasible in vitro tool for physiological and pathophysiological studies on pericytes

Adapting coculture in vitro models of the blood–brain barrier for use in cancer research: maintaining an appropriate endothelial monolayer for the assessment of transendothelial migration

International audienceAlthough brain metastases are the most common brain tumors in adults, there are few treatment options in this setting. To colonize the brain, circulating tumor cells must cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is situated within specialized, restrictive microvascular endothelium. Understanding how cancer cells manage to transmigrate through the BBB might enable this process to be prevented. In vitro models are dedicated tools for characterizing the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie transendothelial migration process, as long as they accurately mimic the brain endothelium's in vivo characteristics. The objective of the present study was to adapt an existing in vitro model of the human BBB for use in studying cancer cell transmigration. The model is based on the coculture of endothelial cells (ECs, derived from cord blood hematopoietic stem cells) and brain pericytes. To allow the migration of cancer cells into the lower compartment, our model had to be transposed onto inserts with a larger pore size. However, we encountered a problem when culturing ECs on large (3-μm)-pore inserts: the cells crossed the membrane and formed a non-physiological second layer on the lower face of the insert. Using 3-μm-pore inserts (in a 12-well plate format), we report here on a method that enables the maintenance of a single monolayer of ECs on the insert's upper face only. Under these chosen conditions, the ECs exhibited typical BBB properties found in the original model (including restricted paracellular permeability and the expression of continuous tight junctions). This modified in vitro model of the human BBB enabled us to investigate the migratory potential of the MDA-MB-231 cell line (derived from highly metastatic human breast cancer cells). Last, the results obtained were compared with the rate of transmigration through endothelia with no BBB features

Miniaturization and Automation of a Human In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Model for the High-Throughput Screening of Compounds in the Early Stage of Drug Discovery

International audienceCentral nervous system (CNS) diseases are one of the top causes of death worldwide. As there is a difficulty of drug penetration into the brain due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), many CNS drugs treatments fail in clinical trials. Hence, there is a need to develop effective CNS drugs following strategies for delivery to the brain by better selecting them as early as possible during the drug discovery process. The use of in vitro BBB models has proved useful to evaluate the impact of drugs/compounds toxicity, BBB permeation rates and molecular transport mechanisms within the brain cells in academic research and early-stage drug discovery. However, these studies that require biological material (animal brain or human cells) are time-consuming and involve costly amounts of materials and plastic wastes due to the format of the models. Hence, to adapt to the high yields needed in early-stage drug discoveries for compound screenings, a patented well-established human in vitro BBB model was miniaturized and automated into a 96-well format. This replicate met all the BBB model reliability criteria to get predictive results, allowing a significant reduction in biological materials, waste and a higher screening capacity for being extensively used during early-stage drug discovery studies

Selection of a Relevant In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model to Investigate Pro-Metastatic Features of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

International audienceAround 7-17% of metastatic breast cancer patients will develop brain metastases, associated with a poor prognosis. To reach the brain parenchyma, cancer cells need to cross the highly restrictive endothelium of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). As treatments for brain metastases are mostly inefficient, preventing cancer cells to reach the brain could provide a relevant and important strategy. For that purpose an in vitro approach is required to identify cellular and molecular interaction mechanisms between breast cancer cells and BBB endothelium, notably at the early steps of the interaction. However, while numerous studies are performed with in vitro models, the heterogeneity and the quality of BBB models used is a limitation to the extrapolation of the obtained results to in vivo context, showing that the choice of a model that fulfills the biological BBB characteristics is essential. Therefore, we compared pre-established and currently used in vitro models from different origins (bovine, mice, human) in order to define the most appropriate tool to study interactions between breast cancer cells and the BBB. On each model, the BBB properties and the adhesion capacities of breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. As endothelial cells represent the physical restriction site of the BBB, all the models consisted of endothelial cells from animal or human origins. Among these models, only the in vitro BBB model derived from human stem cells both displayed BBB properties and allowed measurement of meaningful different interaction capacities of the cancer cell lines. Importantly, the measured adhesion and transmigration were found to be in accordance with the cancer cell lines molecular subtypes. In addition, at a molecular level, the inhibition of ganglioside biosynthesis highlights the potential role of glycosylation in breast cancer cells adhesion capacities

Development of Liver-on-Chip Integrating a Hydroscaffold Mimicking the Liver’s Extracellular Matrix

The 3Rs guidelines recommend replacing animal testing with alternative models. One of the solutions proposed is organ-on-chip technology in which liver-on-chip is one of the most promising alternatives for drug screening and toxicological assays. The main challenge is to achieve the relevant in vivo-like functionalities of the liver tissue in an optimized cellular microenvironment. Here, we investigated the development of hepatic cells under dynamic conditions inside a 3D hydroscaffold embedded in a microfluidic device. The hydroscaffold is made of hyaluronic acid and composed of liver extracellular matrix components (galactosamine, collagen I/IV) with RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) sites for cell adhesion. The HepG2/C3A cell line was cultured under a flow rate of 10 µL/min for 21 days. After seeding, the cells formed aggregates and proliferated, forming 3D spheroids. The cell viability, functionality, and spheroid integrity were investigated and compared to static cultures. The results showed a 3D aggregate organization of the cells up to large spheroid formations, high viability and albumin production, and an enhancement of HepG2 cell functionalities. Overall, these results highlighted the role of the liver-on-chip model coupled with a hydroscaffold in the enhancement of cell functions and its potential for engineering a relevant liver model for drug screening and disease study