SNR-Based OLSR Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) consist of a collection of mobile and fixed nodes that form a network. Nodes are capable of communicating with each other either with infrastructure, or infrastructureless, or in a hybrid mode. The major advantages of WMNs over the other wireless networks are the low-cost, self organization, self configuration, last mile internet solution, scalability, and reliability. These advantages have attracted the researcher over the last five years. WMNs technology is gaining an increased attention from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) community. This led the IEEE organization to emerge a special working group (IEEE 802.11s) in charge of the issues deriving from a completely wireless distribution system used to interconnect different Basic Service Sets (BSSs) through secure and performing links. In a multi-hop networks, like WMN, one of the main factors that influences the performance is the routing protocol. Generally speaking, routing protocols can be classified based-on the routing metric to 1) hop count-based routing protocols, like Adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV) where the optimum path is defined as the path that goes through the minimum number of nodes, 2) the link quality-based routing protocols, like OLSR where some metrics such as the bandwidth and the packet error rate are considered to define the optimum path to the destination. In this work the performances of a three commonly used routing protocols are compared. The main goal of this stag is to study the influence of different routing protocols in WMNs. The comparison is conducted with two scenarios of networks; a high mobility network and a low mobility network. (Open network) OPNET 11.5 modeler is used to build the WMNs. The performance of the network and the routing protocols has been studied in means of network throughput, End-to-End delay, routing protocol overhead and the mobility. The obtained results show that the Optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR) has the highestthroughput overDSR andAODVrouting protocols in WMNs. The unpredictable behavior of the wireless medium in WMNs environment demands the need for a routing protocol that is aware of the link conditions. Unfortunately the routing protocols used such as AODV and Dynamic source routing (DSR) are hop count-based; where the routing algorithm uses the number of nodes to determine the optimum path to the destination. In the second stage of this work a new routing technique for WMNs based-on Signal to noise ratio (SNR) as a new metric for OLSR routing protocol, is developed. The new metric has been implemented on the OLSR routing protocol module using OPNET simulator. The modified OLSR routing protocol is implemented in the comparison scenarios. The obtained results show that, when SNR is used as a routing metric in the OLSR routing protocol, the OLSR is getting the significantly higher network throughput over the DSR and AODV routing protocols. In the same time, the modified OLSR implemented with the SNR metric is showing a high improvement over the OLSR with the traditional hop-count metric. This thesis also studies the affect of different amounts of mobility in WMNs performance. VI

SNR-Based OLSR Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) consist of a collection of mobile and fixed nodes that form a network. Nodes are capable of communicating with each other either with infrastructure, or infrastructureless, or in a hybrid mode. The major advantages of WMNs over the other wireless networks are the low-cost, self organization, self configuration, last mile internet solution, scalability, and reliability. These advantages have attracted the researcher over the last five years. WMNs technology is gaining an increased attention from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) community. This led the IEEE organization to emerge a special working group (IEEE 802.11s) in charge of the issues deriving from a completely wireless distribution system used to interconnect different Basic Service Sets (BSSs) through secure and performing links. In a multi-hop networks, like WMN, one of the main factors that influences the performance is the routing protocol. Generally speaking, routing protocols can be classified based-on the routing metric to 1) hop count-based routing protocols, like Adhoc on demand distance vector (AODV) where the optimum path is defined as the path that goes through the minimum number of nodes, 2) the link quality-based routing protocols, like OLSR where some metrics such as the bandwidth and the packet error rate are considered to define the optimum path to the destination. In this work the performances of a three commonly used routing protocols are compared. The main goal of this stag is to study the influence of different routing protocols in WMNs. The comparison is conducted with two scenarios of networks; a high mobility network and a low mobility network. (Open network) OPNET 11.5 modeler is used to build the WMNs. The performance of the network and the routing protocols has been studied in means of network throughput, End-to-End delay, routing protocol overhead and the mobility. The obtained results show that the Optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR) has the highestthroughput overDSR andAODVrouting protocols in WMNs. The unpredictable behavior of the wireless medium in WMNs environment demands the need for a routing protocol that is aware of the link conditions. Unfortunately the routing protocols used such as AODV and Dynamic source routing (DSR) are hop count-based; where the routing algorithm uses the number of nodes to determine the optimum path to the destination. In the second stage of this work a new routing technique for WMNs based-on Signal to noise ratio (SNR) as a new metric for OLSR routing protocol, is developed. The new metric has been implemented on the OLSR routing protocol module using OPNET simulator. The modified OLSR routing protocol is implemented in the comparison scenarios. The obtained results show that, when SNR is used as a routing metric in the OLSR routing protocol, the OLSR is getting the significantly higher network throughput over the DSR and AODV routing protocols. In the same time, the modified OLSR implemented with the SNR metric is showing a high improvement over the OLSR with the traditional hop-count metric. This thesis also studies the affect of different amounts of mobility in WMNs performance. VI

Newton-raphson method to solve systems of non-linear equations in VANET performance optimization

Nowadays, Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) has got more attention from the researchers. The researchers have studied numerous topics of VANET, such as the routing protocols of VANET and the MAC protocols of VANET. The aim of their works is to improve the network performance of VANET, either in terms of energy consumption or packet delivery ratio (PDR) and delay. For this research paper, the main goal is to find the coefficient of a, b and c of three non-linear equations by using a Newton-Raphson method. Those three non-linear equations are derived from a different value of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol's parameters. After that, those three coefficient is then will be used in optimization of the VANET in terms of energy, PDR, and delay

Efficient P2P data dissemination in integrated optical and wireless networks with Taguchi method

The Quality of Service (QoS) resource consumption is always the tricky problem and also the on-going issue in the access network of mobile wireless part because of its dynamic nature of network wireless transmissions. It is very critical for the infrastructure-less wireless mobile ad hoc network that is distributed while interconnects in a peer-to-peer manner. Toward resolve the problem, Taguchi method optimization of mobile ad hoc routing (AODVUU) is applied in integrated optical and wireless networks called the adLMMHOWAN. Practically, this technique was carry out using OMNeT++ software by building a simulation based optimization through design of experiment. Its QoS network performance is examined based on packet delivery ratio (PDR) metric and packet loss probabilities (PLP) metric that consider the scenario of variation number of nodes. During the performing stage with random mobile connectivity based on improvement in optimized front-end wireless domain of AODVUU routing, the result is performing better when compared with previous study called the oRia scheme with the improvement of 14.1% PDR and 43.3% PLP in this convergence of heterogeneous optical wireless network. © 2019 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved

IoT-based automated and contactless shopping cart during pandemic diseases outbreak

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an alarming disease outbreak that has affected more than 180 countries worldwide. It has caused close to 2.5 million deaths and has infected 114 million of the global population as of February 2021. This unprecedented pandemic, has caused severe socio-economic problems globally, catching many sectors off-guard and in a state of suspended uncertainty. While vaccines are just starting to circulate, there is still a need to practice new social norms, including social distancing during daily activities such as supermarket shopping. As such, contactless technology is critically needed and preferable to minimize physical contact and mitigate virus spread. In this paper, an automated shopping cart is proposed as a potential solution to avoid item scanning at cashiers and long queues at payment counters. This innovation leads to reduced risk of exposure to COVID-19. This is done by integrating a typical shopping trolley with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag is attached to every product and automatically read whenever they are placed in a shopping cart. Payment and weighing processes can be conducted at the trolley itself which reduces direct and prolonged contact with both cashiers and other patrons, and at both checkout queues and weighing counters. This proves to be a critical way to break transmission chains

Energy efficient segmentation-link strategies for transparent IP over WDM core networks

Recent developments in Optical IP networks have heightened the need for reduction on power consumption via so called green photonics and concepts known as green networking. Adhering to these principles we proposed a novel energy savings approach which can be applied to optical IP networks and is based on so called "hibernation mode with segmentation link" technique. The hibernation mode technique is designed to help to reduce power consumption by sleep the network links and can help to optimise network overall energy usage by taking advantage of the hibernation algorithms we have developed. The proper implementation over the network infrastructure will save energy, operating cost to network operators, and while at the same time will also deliver reduced carbon footprint. In this paper, we show design model for developing energy efficient Segment-Link approach. In this scheme, the improvised energy saving techniques focus on selective sleeping of optical core fibre links, following which the Routing Wavelength Assignment algorithm based on GMPLS control plane are investigated. Simulation models and results for the proposed scheme are evaluated in both the fibre link only and segmentation-link schemes scenarios. The results shows that a significant amount of energy can be saved if appropriate "segmentation-link" mechanisms using optical bypass and traffic grooming is invoked

IoT based smart agriculture monitoring, automation and intrusion detection system

Manual irrigation is still widely used in agricultural field using traditional drip and can watering. However, traditional irrigation systems are inefficient and inexact, leading to either insufficient or excessive watering. Moreover, it is difficult for farmers to predict suitable quantities at the appropriate time. Manual monitoring of the crop field may also lead to human error and is potentially risky for rural areas. Farmers may also not be aware of intrusions if they are not on location. Therefore, this project is designed to develop a smart monitoring and automated irrigation system to provide not only efficient water consumption based on specific conditions, but also enables real-time monitoring of the environment. Furthermore, this system prevents damage to plants and reduces the likelihood of plant theft. This system uses NodeMCU ESP32 as a microcontroller that collects environmental data such as humidity, temperature, soil moisture levels from sensors. The NodeMCU is integrated with a relay and RTC module to irrigate plants at specific times and is also equipped with a passive infrared sensor to detect intruders near the crop-field. Upon detection, an ESP32 camera is used to automatically capture the current conditions and farmers will be subsequently notified. Warnings are also sent to farmers upon detection of unwanted circumstances such as extreme temperature, which could prevent instances of open burning. The utility of the developed prototype is evident in the way it automatically irrigates the crop field without human intervention. Farmers may monitor and manually control the irrigation process using an attached Android application. Additionally, they may manually activate a buzzer warn off any potential malicious actors