23 research outputs found

    Interindividual variabilities in cognitive performance degradation after alcohol consuption and sleep loss are related

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    Introduction The sleep inducing effects of alcohol as well as the increase in sleep propensity and sleepiness after sleep loss have been linked to the adenosinergic system in the brain. While the performance impairing effects of ethanol have partly been related to the inhibitory effects of cerebral adenosine, sleep loss has been found to increase adenosine receptor density. The interindividual variability of cognitive performance impairments after alcohol intake as well as after sleep loss is extensive. Thus, we examined in humans whether performance degradations resulting from sleep loss and alcohol consumption are related. Methods Performance in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) was tested in 47 healthy volunteers (mean age 27 ± 5 (SD) years, 21 females) at 6 pm 1) after an 8 hour control night, 2) after alcohol consumption (aiming at a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08%), and 3) after 35 hours of total sleep deprivation. After alcohol intake, 35 of the participants reached a BAC of more than 0.06% prior to the performance testing (mean BAC 0.074%, SD 0.009%, min. 0.063%, max. 0.095%) and were included in the analyses. Two recovery nights were scheduled between conditions. Results Performance impairments due to acute alcohol intake and due to 35 hours of sustained wakefulness were calculated as differences from performance under control conditions. The degree in performance degradation correlated highly between both conditions (i.e. 10% slowest reaction times: Pearson’s r=0.73, p<0.0001; standard deviation of reaction times: r=0.75, p<0.0001; mean reaction time: r=0.59, p=0.0002). Conclusions Participants whose PVT performance proved to be vulnerable to the effects of alcohol consumption were also vulnerable to sleep loss, whereas individuals who were resilient against the effects of alcohol were also less susceptible to the impact of sleep deprivation. These results suggest that the effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation on performance are mediated – at least in part – by a common pathway that may involve the adenosinergic system in the brain

    Inter-individual Differences in the Effects of Aircraft Noise on Sleep Fragmentation

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    Study Objectives: Environmental noise exposure disturbs sleep and impairs recuperation, and may contribute to the increased risk for (cardiovascular) disease. Noise policy and regulation are usually based on average responses despite potentially large inter-individual differences in the effects of traffic noise on sleep. In this analysis, we investigated what percentage of the total variance in noise-induced awakening reactions can be explained by stable interindividual differences. Methods: We investigated 69 healthy subjects polysomnographically (mean ± standard deviation 40 ± 13 years, range 18–68 years, 32 male) in this randomized, balanced, double-blind, repeated measures laboratory study. This study included one adaptation night, 9 nights with exposure to 40, 80, or 120 road, rail, and/or air traffic noise events (including one noise-free control night), and one recovery night. Results: Mixed-effects models of variance controlling for reaction probability in noise-free control nights, age, sex, number of noise events, and study night showed that 40.5% of the total variance in awakening probability and 52.0% of the total variance in EEG arousal probability were explained by inter-individual differences. If the data set was restricted to nights (4 exposure nights with 80 noise events per night), 46.7% of the total variance in awakening probability and 57.9% of the total variance in EEG arousal probability were explained by inter-individual differences. The results thus demonstrate that, even in this relatively homogeneous, healthy, adult study population, a considerable amount of the variance observed in noise-induced sleep disturbance can be explained by interindividual differences that cannot be explained by age, gender, or specific study design aspects. Conclusions: It will be important to identify those at higher risk for noise induced sleep disturbance. Furthermore, the custom to base noise policy and legislation on average responses should be re-assessed based on these findings

    Coffee effectively attenuates impaired attention in ADORA2A C/C-allele carriers during chronic sleep restriction

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    Many people consume coffee to attenuate increased sleepiness and impaired vigilance and attention due to insufficient sleep. We investigated in genetically caffeine sensitive individuals whether ‘real world’ coffee consumption during a simulated busy work week counteracts disabling consequences of chronically restricted sleep. We subjected homozygous C-allele carriers of ADORA2A (gene encoding adenosine A2A receptors) to 5 nights of only 5 h time-in-bed. We administered regular coffee (n = 12; 200 mg caffeine at breakfast and 100 mg caffeine after lunch) and decaffeinated coffee (n = 14) in double-blind fashion on all days following sleep restriction. At regular intervals 4 times each day, participants rated their sleepiness and performed the psychomotor vigilance test, the visual search task, and the visuo-spatial and letter n-back tasks. At bedtime, we quantified caffeine and the major caffeine metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in saliva. The 2 groups did not differ in age, body-mass-index, sex-ratio, chronotype and mood states. Subjective sleepiness increased in both groups across consecutive sleep restriction days and did not differ. By contrast, regular coffee counteracted the impact of repeated sleep loss on sustained and selective attention, as well as executive control when compared to decaffeinated coffee. The coffee induced benefits on different aspects of performance lasted for 4–5 days of insufficient sleep. All differences between the groups disappeared after the recovery night and the cessation of coffee administration. The data suggest that ‘real world’ coffee consumption can efficiently attenuate sleep restriction-induced impairments in vigilance and attention in genetically caffeine sensitive individuals

    Association between residents’ attitude towards air traffic and their objective sleep quality at Frankfurt Airport.

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    Sleep disturbances and impaired quality of life are among frequent complaints from residents around airports. This paper aims at investigating whether psychological factors such as subjective attitude towards air traffic are related to the objective sleep quality of an individual. In 2012 as part of the NORAH sleep study, 74 residents around Frankfurt Airport rated their attitude towards air traffic and assessed its necessity. Polysomnography was recorded in residents’ home environment. In the NORAH study, a negative attitude towards air traffic was associated with a significantly impaired sleep quality (i.e. prolonged sleep onset latency: Δ 5.6 min, increased wake after sleep onset: Δ 12.3 min, reduced sleep efficiency: Δ 3 %, and less deep sleep: Δ 12.3 min). The assessment of air traffic as less necessary was related to a significant reduction in deep sleep duration (Δ 15.1 min). These results suggest that residents’ objective sleep quality and their subjective assessment of air traffic are related. Cause and effect of the relationship remain to be identified

    Sleep in Airplanes: Potential risk factors

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    Sleeping in airplanes implies sleeping under hypobaric conditions. At cruising altitude the cabin pressure equals an altitude of 8000 ft. Little is known of the physiological effects for crew and passengers. At the DLR-Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 16 healthy subjects (8 female), average age 28 years (± 4 SD), slept in a pressure chamber furnished as crew-rest-compartment during a realistic flight simulation concerning atmospheric conditions and noise. Blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, and Sleep-EEG were recorded during the 4h sleep period. The next morning performance was tested using an unstable tracking task reflecting typical operator demands. A control group of 16 subjects (8 female), average age 26 years (± 6 SD), slept 4h in private sleeping rooms of the DLR-isolation unit in normobaric conditions. SpO2 and heart rate differed significantly between groups (p<0.0001). During time in bed a mean SpO2 level of 96% (± 1 SD) and a mean heart rate of 62 bpm (± 8 SD) were measured under normobaric conditions, whereas mean SpO2 level in the pressure chamber was 88% (± 1 SD) with a mean heart rate of 74 bpm (± 6 SD). Under hypobaric conditions the average SpO2 dropped below 90% for 135 min (± 69 SD) and the mean minimum SpO2-level was 81% (± 3 SD). Performance was significantly more impaired in the experimental group (p<0.05). The recuperative function for crew members sleeping in a crew-rest-compartment during flight seems limited since performance is impaired and SpO2 drops considerably. Sleep aboard an airplane induced hypobaric hypoxia in young, healthy subjects. To date, the degree of arterial hypoxemia that should be considered as being harmful remains unclear. However, passengers with a SpO2 below 85% in the hypoxic challenge test are recommended to receive supplemental oxygen during flight. Consequently, for risk groups sleep during flight should be regarded with care

    Schlaf im Flugzeug: ein unerkanntes Risiko?

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    Schlafen an Bord von Flugzeugen auf Reiseflughöhe bedeutet Schlafen unter hypobaren Bedingungen. Der Kabinendruck in Verkehrsflugzeugen entspricht dabei dem Luftdruck in einer Höhe von 8000 ft (2438 m). Es ist nicht bekannt, welche Auswirkungen dies auf den Schlaf der Flugzeugbesatzung und der Passagiere hat. Um diesen Sachverhalt zu untersuchen, wurde am Institut fĂŒr Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin des DLR bei einer Gruppe von 16 gesunden Probanden (mittleres Alter 28 Jahre (± 4 SD), 8 weiblich/8 mĂ€nnlich) eine 4-stĂŒndige Schlafperiode in einem Crew-Rest-Compartment simuliert. Hierzu wurden in einer entsprechend ausgerĂŒsteten Druckkammer sowohl die atmosphĂ€rischen Bedingungen als auch die GerĂ€uschkulisse an Bord eines Flugzeugs realitĂ€tsecht nachgebildet. Parallel schlief eine Kontrollgruppe, ebenfalls bestehend aus 16 Probanden (mittleres Alter 26 Jahre (± 6 SD), 8 weiblich/8 mĂ€nnlich) den gleichen 4 Stunden Zeitraum unter normobaren Bedingungen im Schlaflabor des Instituts. WĂ€hrend der 4-stĂŒndigen Schlafzeit wurde bei den Probanden die SauerstoffsĂ€ttigung des Blutes (SpO2), die Herzfrequenz (EKG), und das Schlaf-EEG aufgezeichnet. Die LeistungsfĂ€higkeit am folgenden Morgen wurde mit Hilfe eines „Unstable Tracking Task“ ermittelt. Dieser Test bildet typische Anforderungen an die Hand-Auge-Koordination bei Piloten ab. Sowohl SauerstoffsĂ€ttigung als auch Herzfrequenz der beiden Gruppen unterschieden sich signifikant (p<0.0001). Bei Normaldruck lag das durchschnittliche SpO2-Niveau bei 96% (± 1 SD) und die Herzfrequenz im Mittel bei 62 SchlĂ€gen pro Minute (± 8 SD). Hingegen wurde unter hypobaren Bedingungen nur eine mittlere SauerstoffsĂ€ttigung von 88% (± 1 SD) und gleichzeitig eine auf 74 SchlĂ€ge pro Minute (± 6 SD) gesteigerte Herzfrequenz gemessen. Dabei fiel die SĂ€ttigung der Probanden in der Druckkammer im Durchschnitt fĂŒr 135 min (± 69 SD) unter die als Hypoxiegrenze definierte Schwelle von 90%. In der Schlafperiode betrug die geringste gemessene SauerstoffsĂ€ttigung 81% (± 3 SD). Die absolute Schlafdauer im Unterdruck unterschied sich nicht von der bei Normaldruck, es war aber eine signifikante Abnahme der Dauer von Tief- und Traumschlaf zugunsten einer signifikanten Zunahme der leichteren Schlafphasen zu verzeichnen. Verglichen mit der Kontrollgruppe war die LeistungsfĂ€higkeit der Testgruppe am folgenden Morgen gemessen unter normobaren Bedingungen signifikant vermindert (p<0.05). Schlaf unter Flugbedingungen fĂŒhrte bei einer Gruppe von jungen, gesunden Probanden zu einer hypobaren Hyoxie, also einem deutlichen Abfall der SauerstoffsĂ€ttigung bis unter 90%. Derzeit gibt es keine gesicherten Erkenntnisse darĂŒber, welcher Grad von arterieller HypoxĂ€mie physiologisch toleriert werden kann. Allerdings wird Passagieren mit einem SpO2 von unter 85% wĂ€hrend des „Hypoxic Challenge Test“ empfohlen, wĂ€hrend eines Fluges unterstĂŒtzend medizinischen Sauerstoff zu atmen. Demzufolge sollte Schlaf im Flugzeug, speziell bei Risikogruppen, mit Vorsicht betrachtet werden

    Wirkung des LuftverkehrslÀrms auf den Menschen

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    In umfangreichen Labor- und Feldstudien untersucht die Abteilung Flugphysiologie des DLR-Instituts fĂŒr Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin seit 1999 mit Hilfe der Polysomnographie den Einfluss des NachtfluglĂ€rms auf den Schlaf und die LeistungsfĂ€higkeit des Menschen. Dieses aufwĂ€ndige Messverfahren wird nur bei wenigen Studien weltweit in der LĂ€rmwirkungsforschung eingesetzt. Die Forschungsergebnisse fanden bei einem Gutachten zum Ausbau des Flughafens Leipzig/Halle (2006) vor dem Bundesverwaltungsgericht in Leipzig ihre Anwendung und mĂŒndeten in Schutzzonen, die um 30% grĂ¶ĂŸer sind als eigentlich vom FluglĂ€rmgesetz gefordert wird. Ebenfalls beruhen die FluglĂ€rmindizes fĂŒr die Nacht an den FlughĂ€fen Frankfurt/Main und ZĂŒrich auf diesen Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen. Seit 2004 wurden die Untersuchungen in diesem Forschungsbereich in weiteren Labor- und Feldstudien konsequent auf den LĂ€rm von Bahn und Straße ausgeweitet, so dass vergleichende Analysen der VerkehrtstrĂ€ger untereinander möglich sind. Im Oktober 2011 wurde am Frankfurter Flughafen die vierte Landebahn in Betrieb genommen. Dies eröffnete die Möglichkeit, im Sommer vor und zukĂŒnftig in den beiden Sommern nach der Bahneröffnung die SchlafqualitĂ€t der Anwohner bei stark verĂ€ndertem Flugaufkommen untersuchen zu können. Zudem verspricht ein in der Abteilung entwickelter Auswertealgorithmus zukĂŒnftig mit vereinfachter Messmethodik ebenso valide Aufwachreaktionen bestimmen zu können. Hiermit wĂ€re es möglich, mit weniger Messaufwand die Anzahl der Untersuchungspersonen deutlich zu erhöhen. Neben den Auswirkungen des LĂ€rms auf den Schlaf werden seit 2004 in zwei EU-Projekten verantwortlich auch die BelĂ€stigungsreaktionen von Flughafenanwohnern untersucht. Hierbei werden neben BelĂ€stigungsreaktionen aufgrund der LautstĂ€rke der FlugzeuggerĂ€usche, vor allem auch der Einfluss der Frequenzzusammensetzung und der GerĂ€uschabstĂ€nde derzeitiger und zukĂŒnftiger FlugzeuggerĂ€usche und persönliche Faktoren berĂŒcksichtigt
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