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Visual responsiveness in sensorimotor cortex is increased following amputation and reduced after mirror therapy
Phantom limb pain (PLP) following amputation, which is experienced by the vast majority of amputees, has been reported to be relieved with daily sessions of mirror therapy. During each session, a mirror is used to view the reflected image of the intact limb moving, providing visual feedback consistent with the movement of the missing/phantom limb. To investigate potential neural correlates of the treatment effect, we measured brain responses in volunteers with unilateral leg amputation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a four-week course of mirror therapy. Mirror therapy commenced immediately following baseline scans, which were repeated after approximately two and four week intervals. We focused on responses in the region of sensorimotor cortex corresponding to primary somatosensory and motor representations of the missing leg. At baseline, prior to starting therapy, we found a strong and unexpected response in sensorimotor cortex of amputees to visually presented images of limbs. This response was stronger for images of feet compared to hands and there was no such response in matched controls. Further, this response to visually presented limbs was no longer present at the end of the four week mirror therapy treatment, when perceived phantom limb pain was also reduced. A similar pattern of results was also observed in extrastriate and parietal regions typically responsive to viewing hand actions, but not in regions corresponding to secondary somatosensory cortex. Finally, there was a significant correlation between initial visual responsiveness in sensorimotor cortex and reduction in PLP suggesting a potential marker for predicting efficacy of mirror therapy. Thus, enhanced visual responsiveness in sensorimotor cortex is associated with PLP and modulated over the course of mirror therapy
Эффективность и безопасность небулайзерной терапии у больных бронхиальной астмой пожилого и старческого возраста на догоспитальном этапе
Does lack of improvement in the first two weeks predict treatment resistance in recent-onset psychosis?
Medical Art Therapy Research Moves Forward: A Review of Clay Manipulation With Parkinson’s Disease
The psychopathological factors of refractory schizophrenia Fatores psicopatológicos da esquizofrenia refratária
OBJECTIVES: The heterogeneity of clinical manifestations in schizophrenia has lead to the study of symptom clusters through psychopathological assessment scales. The objective of this study was to elucidate clusters of symptoms in patients with refractory schizophrenia which may also help to assess the patients' therapeutical response. METHODS: Ninety-six treatment resistant patients were evaluated by the anchored version Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-A) as translated into Portuguese. The inter-rater reliability was 0.80. The 18 items of the BPRS-A were subjected to exploratory factor analysis with Varimax rotation. RESULTS: Four factors were obtained: Negative/Disorganization, composed by emotional withdrawal, disorientation, blunted affect, mannerisms/posturing, and conceptual disorganization; Excitement, composed of excitement, hostility, tension, grandiosity, and uncooperativeness, grouped variables that evoke brain excitement or a manic-like syndrome; Positive, composed of unusual thought content, suspiciousness, and hallucinatory behavior; and Depressive, composed of depressive mood, guilt feelings, and motor retardation, clearly related to depressive syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The study reproduced the four factors described in the literature, either in refractory or non-refractory patients. The BPRS-A allowed the distinction of psychopathological factors, which are important in the evaluation of treatment response of patients with schizophrenia.<br>OBJETIVOS: A heterogeneidade das manifestações clínicas na esquizofrenia tem levado ao estudo de agrupamentos sintomatológicos através de escalas de avaliação psicopatológica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi a elucidação de agrupamentos psicopatológicos em pacientes com esquizofrenia refratária que também podem auxiliar na avaliação da resposta terapêutica dos pacientes. MÉTODOS: Noventa e seis pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia refratária foram avaliados através da Escala Breve de Avaliação Psiquiátrica, versão ancorada e traduzida para o português (BPRS-A). A confiabilidade foi de 0,80. Os 18 sintomas foram submetidos à análise fatorial exploratória com rotação Varimax. RESULTADOS: Quatro fatores foram obtidos: Negativo/Desorganização, composto por retraimento afetivo, desorientação, afeto embotado, maneirismo & postura e desorganização conceitual; Excitação, formado por excitação, hostilidade, tensão, idéias de grandeza e falta de cooperação; Positivo, contendo os itens delírio, desconfiança e comportamento alucinatório; e Depressivo, que agrupou humor depressivo, sentimento de culpa e retardo motor. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo reproduziu os quatro fatores psicopatológicos encontrados na literatura, provenientes de amostras tanto de pacientes com esquizofrenia refratária como não-refratária. A BPRS-A permitiu a distinção de agrupamentos psicopatológicos específicos que têm valor na avaliação da resposta terapêutica destas formas de esquizofrenia