Analysis of hierarchical characteristics of landscapes in Ontario : detecting emergent levels of organizaton

Hierarchy theory suggests that complex systems such as ecosystems will develop hierarchical structure that can be reflected in multiple emergent levels of organization in landscape patterning. Emergent levels of organization are defined as the scales where non-random patterning of forest landcovers occur. Forest policy initiatives that address sustainable forest ecosystems, as opposed to sustainable fibre yield, provide direction for the emulation of natural landscape patterns when allocating timber harvest blocks. Emergent levels of organization and scale-dependent structure o f landscapes are new issues, which until recent advances in technology, have been difficult to tackle. I use thematic landcover maps, derived from satellite imagery, to evaluate the hypotheses that among regions divided by boundaries that are based on broad-scale climatic processes, emergent levels of organization within landscape structure do not exist, and if they do, that they do not differ among regions. I use lacunarity and landscape statistic analyses on sample plots of 400 km2 and 5,625 km2 to detect and compare emergent levels of organization. Hierarchical characteristics, in the form of multiple emergent levels of organization, were not consistently detected in the 400 km2 sample plots. In contrast, multiple emergent levels of organization were detected in the 5,625 km2 sample plots located in northwestern Ontario but not in northeastern Ontario. The hierarchical characteristics detected in northwestern Ontario were in both mature overstory forest and recent fire disturbance. Current landscape patterns are a result of recent historic disturbance regimes. The results indicate that by emulating current patterns at fine-scales through forest harvest, the resulting landscape patterns could be mature forests with hierarchical characteristics similar to natural systems. Broad-scale patterns in the form of emergent levels of organization exist within and among individual forest management units. The results indicate that if sustainable ecosystems are an objective of natural resource management, management strategies that include multi-scale analyses and planning techniques are necessary

A influência da relação líder – liderado no clima organizacional

This study aims to analyze the influence of leader-led relationship in organizational climate in a public company from the perspective of leaders and followers. The theoretical framework starts with the concept and theories of leadership, saying the leader has the ability to arouse the motivation of the employee, being able to provide a positive environment based on its relationship with the lead, as the style of leading this relationship generates . The research, descriptive and exploratory, was performed using qualitative methods with the application of semi-structured interviews were taped and transcribed, in a public company located in Boa Vista, RR, with 14 employees of which one is leading, three are leaders and followers, and seven are headed. The results show the relationship leader-led as a factor influencing the organizational climate, showing that the style of leadership of the head is considered a key variable in building the organizational climate. For most respondents it is essential that the leader-led relationship is based primarily on trust, learning, encouragement, strength, freedom and professional friendship. According to the data collected, the leader has the ability to create an environment conducive to the kind of manifestation that he plans happen. It is therefore considered that the leadership profile used is a factor that influences the organizational climate.RESUMO: Este estudo objetiva analisar a influência da relação líder-liderado no clima organizacional em uma empresa pública sob a ótica dos líderes e dos liderados. O referencial teórico inicia com o conceito e teorias de liderança, afirmando que o líder possui a capacidade de despertar a motivação do colaborador, sendo capaz de fornecer um ambiente positivo baseado em sua relação com o liderado, visto que o estilo de liderar gera este relacionamento. A pesquisa, de natureza descritiva e exploratória, foi realizada através do método qualitativo, com a aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, gravadas e transcritas, em uma empresa pública situada em Boa Vista-RR, com 14 funcionários dos quais um é líder, três são líderes e liderados e sete são liderados. Os resultados encontrados apontam a relação líder-liderado como fator de influência no clima organizacional, evidenciando que o estilo de liderar do chefe é considerado uma variável determinante na construção do clima organizacional. Para a maioria dos entrevistados é essencial que o relacionamento líder-liderado seja baseado, principalmente, em confiança, aprendizado, incentivo, firmeza, liberdade e amizade profissional. Conforme os dados coletados, o líder possui a habilidade de criar o ambiente propício ao tipo de manifestação que ele planeja acontecer. Considera-se assim, que o perfil de liderança aplicado é um fator que influencia o clima organizacional

CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING ANALYSIS IN BOY WILLIAM YOUTUBE CHANNEL: GELEDAH ISI LEMARI DI DALAMNYA TAS BRANDED SEMUA

Young generations, usually speak two or more languages for their communication (Sukrisna, 2019). Based on this phenomenon, we can say that our young generations use code-switching and code-mixing in their utterances. It is interesting to discuss the types of code choices used and to know the reasons to switch or mix from one language to another. A qualitative method was used to gather and analyze explanatory data. The data were analyzed by using Hoffman's theory which classified code choice into code-switching and code-mixing and also categorized the reasons for using code choice into seven reasons. The research can be concluded that types of code-switching used in “Boy William Youtube Channel: Geledah Isi Lemari Di Dalamnya Tas Branded Semua!” are Intra-sentential Switching, Inter-sentential Switching, and Tag Switching. Meanwhile, types of code-mixing found are Intra-sentential Mixing and Intra-lexical Code-mixing. There are also found several reasons for using Code-mixing and Code-switching in conversation. The reasons are talking about a particular topic, being emphatic about something (expressing solidarity), interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors), repetition used for clarification, the intention of clarifying the speech content for the interlocutor, and expressing group identity.Keywords: Code-switching, Code-mixing, Sociolinguistic

Impacts of electronic device use on adolescents' sexual knowledge, attitude and perception during the COVID-19 pandemic: A representative sexuality survey

BackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic has led to school closure and social distancing measures for infection control. Many young people thus spent more time on electronic devices and the Internet. This study aimed to determine if and how sexual knowledge, perception and behavior as well as sexuality among Hong Kong adolescents were affected as a result.MethodsYouth Sexuality Study conducted by The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong (FPAHK) evaluated the sexual knowledge, attitudes and behaviors and sexual health of youth every 5 years since 1981 with adaptations made to the changing environment. We analyzed this cross-sectional data on sexual knowledge, attitude, and experiences as well as the impacts of COVID-19 on daily life, health and relationships. Univariate analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships between the time spent on electronic devices and sexuality, while mediation analyses using the PROCESS procedure were performed to further explore differences in time spent on electronic devices.ResultsDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of our participants spent more time on social media and browsing the Internet on electronic devices with less time for extracurricular activities and learning. Nonetheless, there was better overall sexual knowledge and a lower degree of sexual stigma with a higher overall acceptance of sexual minorities. The mediation analyses found that sexual content [Conditional effect = 0.024 (95% CI 0.008, 0.043)] and engagement online [Conditional effect = 0.036 (CI 0.021, 0.053)] could indirectly influence the effect of screen time on the frequency of sexual practices.ConclusionPolicymakers and frontline professionals should re-examine the pedagogy of the present sex education and consider online sex education as the key mode of delivery while guiding the proper use of electronic devices in the learning and exploration of sexual knowledge

Detecting the Land-Cover Changes Induced by Large-Physical Disturbances Using Landscape Metrics, Spatial Sampling, Simulation and Spatial Analysis

The objectives of the study are to integrate the conditional Latin Hypercube Sampling (cLHS), sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) and spatial analysis in remotely sensed images, to monitor the effects of large chronological disturbances on spatial characteristics of landscape changes including spatial heterogeneity and variability. The multiple NDVI images demonstrate that spatial patterns of disturbed landscapes were successfully delineated by spatial analysis such as variogram, Moran’I and landscape metrics in the study area. The hybrid method delineates the spatial patterns and spatial variability of landscapes caused by these large disturbances. The cLHS approach is applied to select samples from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images from SPOT HRV images in the Chenyulan watershed of Taiwan, and then SGS with sufficient samples is used to generate maps of NDVI images. In final, the NDVI simulated maps are verified using indexes such as the correlation coefficient and mean absolute error (MAE). Therefore, the statistics and spatial structures of multiple NDVI images present a very robust behavior, which advocates the use of the index for the quantification of the landscape spatial patterns and land cover change. In addition, the results transferred by Open Geospatial techniques can be accessed from web-based and end-user applications of the watershed management

Toward an Identification of Resources Influencing Habitat Use in a Multi-Specific Context

Interactions between animal behaviour and the environment are both shaping observed habitat use. Despite the importance of inter-specific interactions on the habitat use performed by individuals, most previous analyses have focused on case studies of single species. By focusing on two sympatric populations of large herbivores with contrasting body size, we went one step beyond by studying variation in home range size and identifying the factors involved in such variation, to define how habitat features such as resource heterogeneity, resource quality, and openness created by hurricane or forest managers, and constraints may influence habitat use at the individual level. We found a large variability among individual's home range size in both species, particularly in summer. Season appeared as the most important factor accounting for observed variation in home range size. Regarding habitat features, we found that (i) the proportion of area damaged by the hurricane was the only habitat component that inversely influenced roe deer home range size, (ii) this habitat type also influenced both diurnal and nocturnal red deer home range sizes, (iii) home range size of red deer during the day was inversely influenced by the biomass of their preferred plants, as were both diurnal and nocturnal core areas of the red deer home range, and (iv) we do not find any effect of resource heterogeneity on home range size in any case. Our results suggest that a particular habitat type (i.e. areas damaged by hurricane) can be used by individuals of sympatric species because it brings both protected and dietary resources. Thus, it is necessary to maintain the openness of these areas and to keep animal density quite low as observed in these hunted populations to limit competition between these sympatric populations of herbivores