Toxicological hazard induced by sucralose to environmentally relevant concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Esta investigación se realizó con la intención de identificar el daño ecotoxicológico que producen en la biota acuática algunos productos edulcorantes aparentemente inocuos al ambiente. En este estudio se identificó el potencial inducido de estrés oxidativo sobre la Cyprinus carpio, una especie de interés comercial. Las carpas fueron expuestas a dos diferentes concentraciones de importancia ambiental. Los resultados mostraron un incremento en los biomarcadores de daño oxidativo especialmente en la actividad de enzimas antioxidantes en las branquias y músculo, evidenciando el impacto ambiental de estos agentes sobre especies acuáticas.Sucralose (SUC) is an artificial sweetener that is now widely used in North American and Europe; it has been detected in a wide variety of aquatic environments. It is considered safe for human consumption but its effects in the ecosystem have not yet been studied in depth, since limited ecotoxicological data are available in the peer-reviewed literature. This study aimed to evaluate potential SUC-induced toxicological hazard in the blood, brain, gill, liver and muscle of Cyprinus carpio using oxidative stress biomarkers. Carps were exposed to two different environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05 and 155μgL-1) for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h). The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). SUC was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry techniques (HPLC)-MS/MS. Results show a statically significant increase in LPX, HPC, PCC (P<0.05) especially in gill, brain and muscle, as well as significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in gill and muscle. Furthermore, the biomarkers employed in this study are useful in the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species

Toxicological hazard induced by sucralose to environmentally relevant concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Sucralose (SUC) is an artificial sweetener that is now widely used in North American and Europe; it has been de- tected in a wide variety of aquatic environments. It is considered safe for human consumption but its effects in the ecosystem have not yet been studied in depth, since limited ecotoxicological data are available in the peer- reviewed literature. This study aimed to evaluate potential SUC-induced toxicological hazard in the blood, brain, gill, liver and muscle of Cyprinus carpio using oxidative stress biomarkers. Carps were exposed to two dif- ferent environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05 and 155 μg L− 1) for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). SUC was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry tech- niques (HPLC)–MS/MS. Results show a statically significant increase in LPX, HPC, PCC (P b 0.05) especially in gill, brain and muscle, as well as significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in gill and muscle. Fur- thermore, the biomarkers employed in this study are useful in the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species

Comparative study of diclofenac-induced embryotoxicity and teratogenesis in Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX)

Artículo científico que evalúa los efectos teratogénicos y embritóxicos de diclofenacos en dos especies de anfibiosWater is an increasingly deteriorated, limited natural resource due to population increase and industrialization. Also, the widespread use of pharmaceuticals in modern society leads to their presence in domestic, hospital and industrial effluents. Due to their analgesic properties, some of the most commonly used pharmaceuticals are non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). High concentrations of one these products, diclofenac (DCF), have been detected in effluents and water bodies of different countries, including Mexico. Diverse studies show that trace amounts (ng L−1 to μg L−1) of this compound induce toxicity on aquatic organisms such as algae, microcrustaceans and fish. However, studies on its potential toxicity during development in species of commer- cial interest such as the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate DCF-induced teratogenesis and embryotoxicity in Xenopus laevis and L. catesbeianus, a species marketed as a nutritional meat source in Mexico, using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX). Oocytes in mid-blastula transition were exposed for 96 h to 1, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 62.5 mg DCF L−1. The criteria evaluated were mortality, malformation and growth inhibition. The teratogenic index was 4.2 in L. catesbeianus, three fold higher than the reference limit (1.5), and 3.9 in X. laevis. Diclofenac induced diverse malformations in both species, the most frequent of these being axial malformations in the tail and notochord, edema and stunted growth. Results indicate that DCF is a potentially teratogenic compound and is toxic during development in X. laevis and L. catesbeianus, a species which, due to its sensitivity, can be used to evaluate the toxicity of pharma- ceutical products, using FETAX.CONACyT-Mexico, project 25110

Geno-and cytotoxicity induced on Cyprinus carpio by aluminum, iron, mercury and mixture thereof.

Metals such as Al, Fe and Hg are used in diverse anthropogenic activities. Their presence in water bodies is due mainly to domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewater discharges and constitutes a hazard for the organisms inhabiting these environments. The present study aimed to evaluate geno- and cyto- toxicity induced by Al, Fe, Hg and the mixture of these metals on blood of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Specimens were exposed to the permissible limits in water for human use and consumption according to the pertinent official Mexican norm [official Mexican norm NOM-127-SSA1-1994] Al (0.2 mg L 1), Fe (0.3 mg L 1), Hg (0.001 mg L 1) and their mixture for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Bio- markers of genotoxicity (comet assay and micronucleus test) and cytotoxicity (caspase-3 activity and TUNEL assay) were evaluated. Significant increases relative to the control group (po0.05) were observed in all biomarkers at all exposure times in all test systems; however, damage was greater when the metals were present as a mixture. Furthermore, correlations between metal concentrations and biomarkers of geno- and cytotoxicity were found only at certain exposure times. In conclusion, Al, Fe, Hg and the mixture of these metals induce geno- and cytotoxicity on blood of C. carpio.CONACyT-Mexico, Project 18154

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Sir cadogan and don quixote: cervantine clues in harry potter

ArtículosCon miras a aportar nuevos datos sobre una de las fuentes para la creación de los personajes en la saga Harry Potter —tomando como premisas fundamentales para esta investigación tanto las alusiones intertextuales presentes a lo largo de ésta, así como la influencia de El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha en la literatura inglesa— se analizarán los puntos en común, las reinterpretaciones e influencia de los protagonistas de la obra de Cervantes en la construcción del personaje Sir Cadogan en las novelas de Harry Potter. El sustento teórico de esta investigación se centra en la definición de intertextualidad propuesta por Ulrich Broich para la literatura posmoderna, además de una lectura comparada de los textos, para probar cómo la influencia de El Quijote en Harry Potter se desarrolla a partir de acciones narrativas comunes y descripción prosopográfica (física y de carácter) que sugieren que la autora de esta última obra se apoyó en el texto de Cervantes para conformar su personaje. Asimismo, el presente texto retoma el análisis del tema de la locura del caballero con el fin de dilucidar la manera y los fines con los que J. K. Rowling ha incluido este rasgo particular del personaje y sus transformaciones dentro del hilo narrativo de Harry Potter, atendiendo a los cambios que ha sufrido el personaje cervantino en esta obra. De esta forma, los elementos anteriores servirán para demostrar que esta saga es una muestra de la continuidad de la influencia de Don Quijote en la literatura inglesaThe purpose of this text is to analyze the coincidences, the reinterpretations and the influence of Don Quixote’s protagonists in the construction of the character Sir Cadogan in the Harry Potter series. I shall consider Cervantes’ work as a source for the creation of characters in the novels by J. K. Rowling. I will search for the intertextual marks throughout the series, and the presence of The Delightful History of the Most Ingenious Knight Don Quixote of the Mancha in the history of English literature from the 16th century to nowadays. The theoretical basis of this research is focused on the definition of intertextuality in postmodernist literature given by Ulrich Broich. This work will also compare both texts in order to remark how the influence of Don Quixote in Harry Potter is based on common narrative actions and prosopographic descriptions. These features suggest that J. K. Rowling used Cervantes’ novel to design her character. In addition, this article examines the topic of the knight’s madness, and explains the function of this character in the Harry Potter series, regarding the variations done during the intertextual passage from Cervantes’ times to present day. Therefore, these aspects will confirm that this series is a clear example of the continuity of the influence of Don Quixote over the contemporary English literatur

Genotoxic Effect of Amoxicillin on Peripheral Blood of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Amoxicillin (AMX), one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics around the globe, has been found in diverse environmental water bodies, which have raised the concern of its possible toxicological effects on nontarget aquatic species. This study aimed to evaluate the potential genotoxic effects of AMX in peripheral blood of the common carp Cyprinus carpio using the comet assay. Teleost fish were exposed to different concentrations (10 ng/L, 10 μg/L, and 10 mg/L) for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h). Additionally, the AMX and its main degradation product, amoxicilloic acid (AMA), were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography techniques coupled to a UV and an electrochemical detector (HPLC-EC). Results show a statically significant time concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage at 24 and 48 hours. No amoxicillin was detected at any time and at any concentration in any system tested, but amoxicilloic acid was detected and even quantified in water and blood since the beginning of the experiment. Amoxicilloic acid has the capacity to increase the amount of reactive oxygen species via hypersensitivity reactions, which are the responsible of the DNA damage in the blood lymphocytes of Cyprinus carpio

Plane detection using particle swarm optimization and conformal geometric algebra

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the use of a new medical device to elevate depressed skull fractures (DSFs) in newborns and minor infants. Methods: Nine patients (ranging from 1 day to 9 months of age) with simple DSF underwent skull elevation by a new elevator medical device. This medical device comprises two elements: a pediatric resuscitator (CPR mask) connected to a 50-ml syringe. Pediatric CPR face mask is placed on the depressed region and negative pressure is generated through syringe plunger elevation until fracture reduction is observed. Results: Fracture reduction was confirmed in eight of nine patients by computed tomography scan without underlying brain damage and associated complications. Skull asymmetry was eliminated recovering normal shape. Up to now, there are no neurological concerns. Another treatment was chosen to be applied for one patient who did not respond to manipulation. Conclusion: The new device is a safe, affordable, and effective choice in the treatment of simple depressed skull fractures in newborns and minor infants. " 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.",,,,,,"10.1007/s00381-012-1979-2",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/43631","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84876665142&partnerID=40&md5=05fdc7d960d42a52c1ee6e2651e7646