8,782 research outputs found
Managing the Regulatory State: The Experience of the Bush Administration
This Article traces the history of Presidential management of the regulatory state up to the administration of President George W. Bush. It focuses on the latter\u27s implementation of smarter regulation, an approach to regulation based on unfunded mandates on the private sector implemented through the Office of Management and Budget, an organization within the Executive Office of the President. It finds cost-benefit analysis an essential, yet often neglected, tool for implementing efficient and effective regulations. It concludes the policies promoted under President Bush\u27s OMB have effectively cut costs by streamlining the rule-making process and discouraging adopting new federal rules, but cautions there is still a sea of overlapping regulations and conflict over turf among agencies causing the administrative state to steadily rise in cost
Auction Design and the Market for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created a market for electric utility emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Recent papers have argued that flaws in the design of the auctions that are part of this market have adversely affected its performance. These papers incorrectly assume that trade can only occur at auctions, however. Our empirical analysis of the SO2 emissions market shows that the auctions have become a small part of a relatively efficient market and that the auction design problems that have attracted the most attention have had no effect on actual market prices
Checkerboard Julia Sets for Rational Maps
In this paper, we consider the family of rational maps \F(z) = z^n +
\frac{\la}{z^d}, where , , and\la \in \bbC. We consider
the case where \la lies in the main cardioid of one of the principal
Mandelbrot sets in these families. We show that the Julia sets of these maps
are always homeomorphic. However, two such maps \F and are conjugate
on these Julia sets only if the parameters at the centers of the given
cardioids satisfy \mu = \nu^{j(d+1)}\la or \mu = \nu^{j(d+1)}\bar{\la}
where j \in \bbZ and is an root of unity. We define a
dynamical invariant, which we call the minimal rotation number. It determines
which of these maps are are conjugate on their Julia sets, and we obtain an
exact count of the number of distinct conjugacy classes of maps drawn from
these main cardioids.Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures; Changes since March 19 version: added nine
figures, fixed one proof, added a section on a group actio
Prevalence of incidental breast cancer and precursor lesions in autopsy studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract Background Autopsy studies demonstrate the prevalence pool of incidental breast cancer in the population, but estimates are uncertain due to small numbers in any primary study. We aimed to conduct a systematic review of autopsy studies to estimate the prevalence of incidental breast cancer and precursors. Methods Relevant articles were identified through searching PubMed and Embase from inception up to April 2016, and backward and forward citations. We included autopsy studies of women with no history of breast pathology, which included systematic histological examination of at least one breast, and which allowed calculation of the prevalence of incidental breast cancer or precursor lesions. Data were pooled using logistic regression models with random intercepts (non-linear mixed models). Results We included 13 studies from 1948 to 2010, contributing 2363 autopsies with 99 cases of incidental cancer or precursor lesions. More thorough histological examination (â„20 histological sections) was a strong predictor of incidental in-situ cancer and atypical hyperplasia (ORâ=â126·8 and 21·3 respectively, pâ<â0·001), but not invasive cancer (ORâ=â1·1, pâ=â0·75). The estimated mean prevalence of incidental cancer or precursor lesion was 19·5% (0·85% invasive cancerâ+â8·9% in-situ cancerâ+â9·8% atypical hyperplasia). Conclusion Our systematic review in ten countries over six decades found that incidental detection of cancer in situ and breast cancer precursors is common in women not known to have breast disease during life. The large prevalence pool of undetected cancer in-situ and atypical hyperplasia in these autopsy studies suggests screening programs should be cautious about introducing more sensitive tests that may increase detection of these lesions
Auction design and the market for sulfur dioxide emissions
Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created a market for electric utility emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Recent papers have argued that flaws in the design of the auctions that are part of this market have adversely affected its performance. These papers incorrectly assume that trade can only occur at auctions, however. Our empirical analysis of the SO2 emissions market shows that the auctions have become a small part of a relatively efficient market and that the auction design problems that have attracted the most attention have had no effect on actual market prices.Supported by the MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research and the Acid Rain Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
transformations in the nuclear and bioenergy sectors in Sweden, Brazil, and the United States
Most of the controversies surrounding how to structure climate change
mitigation and adaptation â including financing, what counts as action, and
how to measure progress against uncertain goals â have technological change as
an underlying assumption. Technological transformation is at the heart of
mitigation in the energy system, and technological change (cultivars and
management) will be a prime contributor to mitigation and adaptation in
agriculture and water. Therefore, the issue of governing the diffusion of GEC-
related technology is critically important. The standard analyses that assume
we just need to âget the prices rightâ are insufficient in a world where
markets are at best imperfect and equitable well-being is as much a goal as
efficiency. Our research examines the ways in technological change is guided
by such governance factors as governments (regulation and policy), firms with
existing expertise and infrastructure, international and national needs for
security, innovation networks, and leadership. We will illustrate the
determinative nature of these governance factors through case studies of two
major energy technologies â nuclear power and biofuels â in three countries â
Brazil, Sweden, and the United States. Primary data comes from interviews with
policymakers and firm managers who have been involved in these changes in the
three countries. Open-ended and structured questions about a range of driving
or enabling factors allow us to establish one or more configurations of
factors that can inform the governance of future technological change related
to mitigation and serve as the basis for further research into technological
change related to adaptation
Initial MLU Predicts the Relative Efficacy of Two Grammatical Treatments in Preschoolers With Specific Language Impairments
PurposeâWe sought to confirm predictions based on past findings that pre-treatment mean length of utterance (MLU) would predict which of two grammatical treatments would best facilitate generalized and maintained grammatical development in preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI).
MethodâThe participants were 57 preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI). A randomized group experiment was used. The two grammatical treatments were Broad Target Recasts (BTR) and Milieu Language Teaching (MLT). MLU was assessed at Time 1 in two conversational language samples. Growth rate of productive grammar was quantified using growth curve modeling on the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) from two conversational language samples at each of 6 measurement periods.
ResultsâPredictions were confirmed for children with initially low MLU, but not for children with initially high MLUs. MLT facilitated growth of grammar better than BTR in children who were initially in Brownâs stage I. Effects maintained 5 months after treatment ended
Initial MLU Predicts the Relative Efficacy of Two Grammatical Treatments in Preschoolers With Specific Language Impairments
PurposeâWe sought to confirm predictions based on past findings that pre-treatment mean length of utterance (MLU) would predict which of two grammatical treatments would best facilitate generalized and maintained grammatical development in preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI).
MethodâThe participants were 57 preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI). A randomized group experiment was used. The two grammatical treatments were Broad Target Recasts (BTR) and Milieu Language Teaching (MLT). MLU was assessed at Time 1 in two conversational language samples. Growth rate of productive grammar was quantified using growth curve modeling on the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) from two conversational language samples at each of 6 measurement periods.
ResultsâPredictions were confirmed for children with initially low MLU, but not for children with initially high MLUs. MLT facilitated growth of grammar better than BTR in children who were initially in Brownâs stage I. Effects maintained 5 months after treatment ended
Emotional Self-Control, Interpersonal Shame, and Racism as Predictors of Help-Seeking Attitudes among Asian Americans: An Application of the Intrapersonal-Interpersonal-Sociocultural Framework
The present study is a cross-sectional investigation of emotional self-control, interpersonal shame, and subtle racism as predictors of Asian American attitudes toward professional help-seeking in a sample of Asian American college students (N = 153). The authors applied and extended P. Y. Kim and Leeâs (2014) intrapersonal-interpersonal framework of Asian American help-seeking to include racism as a sociocultural correlate. It was hypothesized that emotional self-control (intrapersonal correlate), interpersonal shame variables of external shame and family shame (interpersonal correlates), and racism (sociocultural correlate) would incrementally predict professional help-seeking attitudes, controlling for previous counseling experience. Participants completed an online survey containing the demographic and study variables. Hierarchical regression analyses (Step 1: counseling experience; Step 2: emotional self-control; Step 3: interpersonal shame [external and family]; Step 4: racism) indicated that emotional self-control and racism were negative predictors of favorable attitudes, whereas external shame was a positive predictor of favorable help-seeking attitudes. The findings have implications for advancing the Asian American literature pertaining to professional help-seeking correlates and for practitioners working with Asian American students to favorably impact mental health service utilization
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