Anti-Religious Mood in Italy at the Turn of the 18–19th Centuries

The article is devoted to identifying the causes of anti-religious sentiments in Italy at the turn of the 18–19th centuries. The authors point to the reasons for the apologetic writings of Italian theologians. Their views had a very beneficial effect on the mental and in particular on the religious movement in Italy. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the situation in Italy in the 18–19th centuries. Based on this analysis, the authors conclude that because of the constant confrontation with the Italian government for power and their interests, apologists for Christianity, who belonged to the clergy of the Catholic Church, caused hostility towards the Catholic Church among ordinary Italians. In the course of the study, the idea of a significant impact of this situation on the spread of anti-Christian ideas in Italy at the turn of the 18–19th centuries was substantiated. And the national liberation movement for the unification of Italy, which was gaining momentum at that time, opened up a free field for the dissemination of various anti-church and atheistic teachings

The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence and the Possibility of its Application in Cyber Games

Artificial intelligence, as a separate field of research, is currently experiencing a boom - new methods of machine learning and hardware are emerging and improving, and the results achieved change the life of society. Machine translation, handwriting recognition, speech recognition are changing our reality. The work of creating unmanned vehicles, voice assistants and other devices using these technologies is in an active process. The article examines the historical context of the artificial intelligence development, it evaluates the possibilities of its introduction into cyber games, as a safe and effective platform for testing new methods of machine learning. The promotion of such projects can increase the reputation of development companies, ensure increased user confidence in other products and, with a competent marketing strategy, cause a significant public resonance among video game fans, providing the developer with economic profit

The Integrative Scale as an innovative method to increase the effectiveness of the Program for Providing Certain Categories of Citizens with Necessary Medicines

Evaluation of the effectiveness of Preferential Medicinal Providing is due to the need for rational pharmacotherapy for patients from certain categories of citizens. There are not enough technologies for such an assessment, which requires their creation and implementation.The purpose of the study. To develop the Integrative Scale for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Program for Providing Certain Categories of Citizens with the Necessary Medicines on the model of the Far Eastern Federal District as an informative way to establish the effectiveness of the preferential segment of medicinal providing, to show the advantages of this Scale compared to other methods and to propose a set of measures to improve the effectiveness of the Program.Materials and methods. The results of the patient survey, compliance of the structure of purchased medicines with the regulatory framework and clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation regulating Preferential Medicinal Providing were analyzed. The structure of the incidence of patients who were initially and repeatedly recognized as disabled.Results. Based on the analysis of compliance with the most important principles of medicinal providing, a technology for evaluating the effectiveness of the Program has been created that allows the participants of the Preferential Medicinal Providing, doctors, Health care organizers, specialists in the field of medicinal procurement, to carry out rational prescribing and purchase of medicines and it is advisable to allocate financial resources taking into account the priority of vital medicines.Conclusion. The Integrative Scale will contribute to improving the clinical and economic efficiency of the Program and will make a significant contribution to improving and maintenance the quality of life of patients receiving pharmacotherapy in the preferential segment, both at the level of the subject of the Russian Federation and at the level of the national system of Preferential Medicinal Providing

Effects of a New Kappa Agonist (Fluorophenyl Derivative of Imidazo[1,2-<i>а</i>]benzimidazole) on the Rat Genome

Selective kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists are considered a promising group of substances for developing opioid analgesics characterised with an original mechanism of action without the risk of respiratory depression and drug addiction. Previous studies identified a fluorophenyl derivative of imidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazole (RU-1205) with a KOR-based mechanism of analgesic action established in in vitro and in vivo experiments.The aim of the study was to assess the effect of 9-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazole dihydrochloride on the level of DNA damage in rats after a single subcutaneous injection.Materials and methods. The study was conducted in adult white outbred laboratory rats of both sexes. DNA damage was estimated using the comet assay. The study involved a single subcutaneous injection of an aqueous solution of RU-1205 in three doses: 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg. The authors used intraperitoneal methyl methanesulfonate (40 mg per kg of animal body weight) as a positive control and 0.9% NaCl  (100 μL per 100 g of animal body weight) as a negative control.Results. A single subcutaneous injection of RU-1205 to rats did not produce a significant dose-dependent increase in % tail DNA when compared with the state of   the corresponding organ/tissue cell genome in negative control animals after normal saline administration at the same time points. In the negative control groups, % tail DNA in cells of various organs/tissues ranged from 1.83% to 3.82% (median values [25–75%]). On the contrary, the administration of 40 mg/kg of genotoxic methyl methanesulfonate led to an increase in damaged DNA in all studied organs and tissues when compared with negative control animals.Conclusions. The study of 9-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a] benzimidazole dihydrochloride genotoxicity demonstrated that a single subcutaneous injection of 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg of RU-1205 to rats did not damage the cell genome of the studied organs

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ АССИМИЛЯЦИОННОГО АППАРАТА КАК ОСНОВЫ УРОЖАЯ ЛИСТОВОЙ РЕДЬКИ (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L.)

Data of the development of leaf assimilation apparatus of radish during vegetative period up to industrial ripeness are presented. The morphological traits of four radish varieties of South Korea’s breeding were studied.В работе представлены данные о формировании растениями листовой редьки ассимиляционного аппарата в течение вегетационного периода до достижения ими технической спелости

On the Question of Pedagogical Digital Competence

Educational institutions develop professional training programs for teachers so they could bring technology into the classroom and take the quality of education to a new level. However, despite the measures being adopted, a number of researchers report unsatisfying results. One of the root causes of this situation seems to be the absence of clear understanding of what the notions of digital competence and pedagogical digital competence are supposed to include. This problem is tightly connected with the problem of creating a framework for the development of digital skills of an instructor. On one hand, there is a demand for universal models that would include a wide range of pedagogical digital skills. There is a demand for universal models, which would include the widest possible range of digital competences of a teacher. Among them there are such existing frameworks as DigiCompEdu, ICT CFT, TETCs, which cover numerous aspects of instructors’ work. Meanwhile, there is the lack of models that would structurize the professional practice of a teacher at the micro level of using a digital instrument. There is a necessity for the framework comprising a limited set of primary basic skills which would be universal enough to be applicable to operating any kind of technology. In the article, we propose a version of this type of a framework

Study of aversive and p38 mapk-inhibitory properties of kappa-agonist with analgesic activity-compound RU-1205

The clinical use of kappa-opioid agonists, despite their lack of significant drug potential, is limited by the development of severe sedation, dysphoria, depression, and anhedonia. To this date, there are kappa-opioid receptor agonists lacking these side effects due to the selective activation of intracellular signal transmission pathways without p38-MAPK-kinase activatio

Distribution, excretion and metabolic pathways of a single parenteral administration of kappa-opioid receptor agonist RU-1205

The purpose was to study the pharmacokinetic properties of RU-1205 with the previously identified kappa-agonistic and analgesic effects after parenteral administratio

Effect of adjuvant drugs on the analgesic activity of opioid morphine analgesics and compound RU-1205

Adjuvant medications can be used to increase the analgesic effect of opioid analgesics, reduce the manifestation of side effects, and also for premedication. This paper provides information on the effect of clonidine, haloperidol, metocloparmide, diazepam, midazolam on opioid analgesics: - morphine and the selective kappa-opioid agonist compound RU-120

Therapy of Schizoaffective Disorder and Paranoid Schizophrenia with Episodic Course

Background. The use of atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia contributes to the reduction of psychotic, affective, negative and cognitive disorders.Aims. To evaluate the effectiveness of ziprasidone therapy in patients with schizoaffective disorder and paranoid schizophrenia with episodic course.Materials and methods. In accordance with ICD-10 there were 14 (63.6 %) people with schizoaffective disorder (F25), 8 (36.4 %) people with paranoid schizophrenia, episodic course (F20.x1). Treatment with ziprasidone lasted 42 days. The dose of ziprasidone in 6 patients (27.3 %) was 80 mg, in 10 patients (45.5 %) – 120 mg, in 6 patients (27.3 %) – 160 mg. Evaluation of the effectiveness of ziprasidone therapy was carried out using psychometric scales (PANSS, General clinical impression scale to assess the effectiveness of therapy – CGI-S, CGI-I), adverse events were registered with the UKU scale.Results. The number of respondents was 19 (86.3 %) (reduction of the total score on the PANSS scale &gt; 20 % of the pre-treatment level). Ziprasidone was effective in patients with schizoaffective disorder with a significant decrease in total score on PANSS subscales to the 14 th day of therapy (p &lt; 0.05), with paranoid schizophrenia with episodic course – by the 21st day (p &lt; 0.01). According to the CGI-S scale at the end of therapy, “borderline condition” was observed in 10 patients (52.6 %), mild severity – in 3 (15.8 %), normal condition – in 6 (31.6 %). CGI-I scale showed a significant improvement in 10 patients (52.6 %), marked improvement – in 9 patients (47.4 %). Among the mild adverse events that do not require discontinuation of the drug, we noted: weakness – in 3 patients (15.8 %), drowsiness – in 3 (15.8 %), impaired concentration – in 2 (10.5 %), orthostatic dizziness – in 2 (10.5 %), galactorrhea – in 1 (5.3 %).Conclusions. Ziprasidone is an effective antipsychotic drug that has a safe tolerability profile. It can be used in patients with schizoaffective disorders and paranoid schizophrenia with episodic course