TRANSFERÊNCIA DE RESISTÊNCIA ANTIMICROBIANA ENTRE ENTEROBACTÉRIAS PATOGÊNICAS DE IMPORTÂNCIA AVIÁRIA - IMPACTOS EM SAÚDE PÚBLICA

Ligações entre o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos na produção de animais, que se destinam à alimentação humana, conferindo pressão seletiva sobre microrganismos, e uma emergência na sua existência, surgimento, disseminação e transferência de genes que conferem de resistência a drogas antimicrobianas constituí preocupação global crescente. Processos de resistência antimicrobiana ocorrem de modo natural ou adquirido, sendo a maneira adquirida a mais preocupante. Vários são os mecanismos de transferência de resistência antimicrobiana, sobretudo elementos genéticos móveis são determinantes ao desenvolvimento de cepas bacterianas resistentes. Enterobactérias são frequentemente isoladas em produtos avícolas, sendo relatada múltipla resistência antimicrobiana e surtos de doenças em humanos. O objetivo da presente revisão foi discutir e expor aspectos relacionados à transferência de resistência antimicrobiana, destacando os impactos da utilização de antimicrobianos e o processo de transferência de resistência antimicrobiana entre bactérias patogênicas, zoonóticas e comensais de aves.

Uso de ácidos orgânicos e produto de exclusão competitiva como alternativa aos aditivos antimicrobianos na criação de perus de corte

Com objetivo de avaliar o uso de ácidos orgânicos (AOs) e produto de exclusão competitiva (EC) como alternativa ao antimicrobiano como promotor de crescimento, foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro objetivou avaliar a influência dos produtos no desempenho zootécnico, pH do conteúdo do inglúvio e ceco, altura dos vilos intestinais e produção de ácidos graxos voláteis (AGVs) no ceco. Na primeira semana de vida, os AOs influenciaram negativamente os parâmetros de desempenho. Na fase de engorda, o consumo de ração e conversão alimentar do grupo que recebeu AO foi inferior ao dos demais grupos. As aves que receberam AOs e produto de EC apresentaram concentrações mais elevadas de ácido propiônico, aos 14 dias, e ácido butírico aos 28, 56 e 70 dias de vida. Os valores de pH e altura dos vilos intestinais não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O segundo experimento objetivou avaliar a influência dos AOs e produto de EC, administrados continuamente na ração e temporariamente na água, sobre a produção de AGVs no ceco, população de bactérias do gênero Lactobacillus e da família Enterobacteriaceae e desafio de Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). A administração contínua dos ácidos orgânicos e produto de EC influenciou positivamente a quantidade de Lactobacillus no inglúvio e ceco, elevou a concentração de ácido butírico e reduziu a quantidade de bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae e a contaminação por SE no ceco. Não houve efeito da administração dos tratamentos via água de bebida sobre a concentração de AGVs, contaminação de SE no inglúvio e ceco. A suplementação contínua de AOs e produto de EC resultou em excelente desempenho zootécnico e reduziu a colonização SE no ceco, demonstrando serem alternativas viáveis ao uso dos antimicrobianosTo evaluate the use of organic acids (OAs) and product of competitive exclusion (CE) as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter, two experiments were conducted. The first aimed to evaluate the influence on the performance of the products, the pH content of the crop and cecum, intestinal villous height and production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the cecum. In the first week of life, the OAs negatively influenced the performance parameters. In the fattening phase, feed intake and feed conversion in the group receiving OAs was lower than the other groups. Birds that received OAs and product EC showed higher concentrations of propionic acid, at 14 days, and butyric acid at 28, 56 and 70 days of life. The pH and intestinal villous height were not affected by treatments. The second experiment evaluated the influence of the OAs and CE product, administered continuously in the diet and temporarily in the water, on the production of VFAs in the cecum, the population of bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus and Enterobacteriaceae and challenge of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). Continuous administration of OAs and CE product increased the concentration of butyric acid and reduced contamination by SE in the cecum. There was no effect of management treatments in drinking water on the concentration of VFAs, SE contamination in crop and cecum. The continuous supplementation of OAs and CE product resulted in excellent growth performance and reduced SE colonization in the cecum, showing that they are viable alternatives to the use of antimicrobial

Avaliação de métodos preventivos de coccidiose para perus de corte

Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de diferentes métodos preventivos de coccidiose para perus de corte, foram utilizados 420 perus de corte, fêmeas da linhagem BUT 9 distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado dividido em quatro tratamentos: T1- dieta controle sem vacinação contra coccidiose e droga anticoccidiana, T2- dieta acrescida de droga anticoccidiana do 1º até os 60 dias de vida das aves (maduramicina 1%, 5ppm), T3- vacinação contra coccidiose (vacina comercial), T4- imunização pela exposição à cepas de campo (pool de oocistos). A administração da vacina e do pool de oocistos foi realizada via ração, no sétimo dia de vida das aves. As aves foram alojadas com densidade de 21 aves/m² até o sétimo dia, 9,8 aves/m² entre o oitavo dia e a sexta semana e, 4,2 aves/m² até a idade do abate, 70 dias. Aos 21 dias de idade, as aves foram submetidas ao desafio de coccidiose, representado por um pool de oocistos, sem a identificação das espécies, na dosagem de 20.000 oocistos por ave, a qual foi aplicada diretamente no esôfago. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) com auxílio do programa estatístico SAS, as médias comparadas pelo teste “t” a 5% de significância. A análise do experimento foi dividida em duas partes, sendo, fase inicial compreendida entre o dia do alojamento e o 28º dia de vida e fase final, compreendida entre o 29º dia até o abate. Na fase inicial, os tratamentos influenciaram (P≤0,05) o peso médio semanal, o ganho de peso médio, a conversão alimentar e o consumo médio de ração semanal, sendo que as aves do tratamento controle apresentaram desempenho inferior quando comparado aos demais. Na fase final, as aves apresentaram excelente recuperação do desempenho, sendo que somente o peso médio, aos 70 dias, foi afetado pelos tratamentos (P≤0,05)...In order to evaluate the effectiveness of various preventive methods of coccidiosis control for turkeys, four hundred and twenty females BUT 9 strain were used distributed in a completely randomized design divided into four treatments: T1- control diet without coccidiosis vaccination and anticoccidial drug, T2- control diet increased by anticoccidial drug at the 1st until 60 days of age (maduramicin 1%, 5ppm), T3- control diet and vaccination (commercial vaccine), T4- control diet and oocysts mixed pool administration. The vaccine and pool administration was done into diet, on the seventh day of age. The birds were housed with a 21 birds / m² density by seventh day, 9.8 birds / m² of at the eighth day until sixth week, and 4.2 birds / m² up to the age of slaughter, 70 days. At 21 days of age, birds were submitted to the challenge of coccidiosis, represented by an oocysts pool without identifying the species, the dose of 20,000 oocysts/bird, which was applied directly in the birds’ esophagus. The results were submitted to variance analysis (ANOVA) using the SAS statistical program and compared by means of Test “t” to 5%. The trial analysis was divided into two parts, the initial stage understood at housing day until 28th day of age, and the final stage, at 29th day until killing. In the initial stage, the treatments affected (P ≤ 0.05) the weekly weight average, weight gain average, feed conversion, weekly consumption average and total feed intake, and the birds in the control treatment showed worse performance compared with others. In the final stage, the birds showed excellent performance recovery, with only the weight average, at 70 days, was affected by treatments (P ≤ 0.05). Therefore, all prevention and control methods of coccidiosis applied were efficient, as well as no adverse effect on the parameters evaluated, were still able to protect the birds... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Identification and adhesion profile of Lactobacillus spp. strains isolated from poultry

In the aviculture industry, the use of Lactobacillus spp. as a probiotic has been shown to be frequent and satisfactory, both in improving bird production indexes and in protecting intestine against colonization by pathogenic bacteria. Adhesion is an important characteristic in selecting Lactobacillus probiotic strains since it impedes its immediate elimination to enable its beneficial action in the host. This study aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the in vitro and in vivo adhesion of Lactobacillus strains isolated from birds. The Lactobacillus spp. was identified by PCR and sequencing and the strains and its adhesion evaluated in vitro via BMM cell matrix and in vivo by inoculation in one-day-old birds. Duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecum were collected one, four, 12 and 24 h after inoculation. The findings demonstrate greater adhesion of strains in the cecum and an important correlation between in vitro and in vivo results. It was concluded that BMM utilization represents an important technique for triage of Lactobacillus for subsequent in vivo evaluation, which was shown to be efficient in identifying bacterial adhesion to the enteric tract.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Leucometric analysis of 1-day-old chicks inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium or Lactobacilli

Salmonella infection is responsible for major economic losses in poultry industry. Consequently, the development of new methods for fighting such disease is desirable, such as the use of acid-lactic bacteria. However, reference values of chicks in such conditions are dissimilar to those of other species. Leucometry reference values for chicks have not been reported. The aim of this article was to evaluate and determine the leucometric values of chicks inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium or treated with Lactobacilli probiotics. In this study, 144 1-day-old birds were divided in three groups of 48 animals each (non-treated group, Salmonella Typhimurium (ST)-inoculated group, and Lactobacilli inoculated group). A total of four blood collections were made with the first one performed 3 h after inoculation with ST or treatment with Lactobacilli. Subsequent samples were obtained every 48 h for 7 days. Leucometric evaluation was performed immediately after each collection. All birds presented an initial decrease pattern in general leukocyte values, and the chicks inoculated with ST revealed lymphomonoheteropaenic leukopaenia, eosinophilia and basophilia in conjunction with convalescence after 96 h of inoculation. The animals inoculated with Lactobacilli revealed leucocytosis with monocytosis, lymphocytosis and marked eosinopaenia. We conclude that there is no efficient bone marrow response in 1-day-old chicks challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium; additionally, an immunostimulatory effect in 1-day-old chicks treated with Lactobacilli-modulated probiotics could be stated. © 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited

Effects of analgesic and noise stimulus in gait score assessment.

This experiment was carried out aiming to assess walking manner and speed of broiler chickens with different gait scores (GS), with or without sound stimulus, and with or without administration of analgesic. To that end, 1,000 birds were evaluated by the GS test and 74 were selected for walking speed analyses. Weight at slaughter and breast yield values were obtained for comparisons. Walking speed analyses, both with and without analgesic and with and without stimulus were performed. Non-parametric statistics was applied to the GS data that did not meet the assumptions of the statistical model (normality and homogenicity) using Fisher's exact test according to the data behavior (P<0.05). The analyses of data on speed, weight at slaughter, and breast yield were evaluated by ANOVA and compared by Tukey's test (P<0.05). Walking speed differed after acoustic stimulus with or without administration of metamizole sodium. Body weight was also different in each GS. It is thus concluded that the birds may feel discomfort when their GS is higher than 0, but that such discomfort may be suppressed when they are stimulated to walk

First record of Paratanaisia bragai (Digenea: Eucotylidae) in blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna)

Abstract The aim of this study was to provide the first report on a new host for the digenean Paratanaisia bragai in the caninde macaw Ara ararauna along with the pathological aspects of the infection in the new host. The microscopic findings revealed the presence of granulomatous interstitial nephritis. This study contributes towards knowledge of parasitism by P. bragai in A. ararauna, and emphasizes the need to use best practices in wildlife conservation parks

Densidade mineral óssea de perus de corte vacinados e não vacinados contra coccidiose

It was evaluated bone mineral density of turkeys submitted the vaccination against coccidiosis. Used 420 turkeys of one day, divided in 4 treatments with 5 repetitions: T1 – control diet; T2 - diet and anti coccidiosis drugs; T3 - diet and commercial vaccine; T4 - diet and recombinant vaccine. To the 28 days the birds had been submitted to the challenge of coccidiosis, carried through inoculation of oocisty talked back directly in the esophagus of the birds. The bone quality was evaluated to the 21, 35, 49 and 72 days of age. For this, 8 birds for treatment had been collected, in each age of collection that had been sacrificed by cervical displacement. The tibiae and femura had been radiographed and tomographed for evaluation of the bone density, had been later evaluated texts of dry substance, bone ashes, calcium and of phosphorus. It had differences only between the ages, being that the treatments had not caused alterations of the bone characteristics. To the 56 days the birds had presented bone quality worse. The treatments had not influenced the studied parameters. What it allows to conclude that the vaccination against coccidiosis promotes good mineralization of the bones.Avaliou-se a densidade mineral óssea de perus de corte submetidos a vacinação contra cocidiose. Utilizou-se 420 perus de corte de um dia, divididos em 4 tratamentos com 5 repetições: T1 – dieta controle; T2 – dieta e drogas anticoccidianas; T3 – dieta controle e vacina comercial; T4 – dieta controle e vacina recombinante. A vacinação foi realizada via ração, no oitavo dia de vida das aves, que foram alojadas com densidade recomendadas no manual da linhagem. Aos 28 dias as aves foram submetidas ao desafio de coccidiose, realizado inoculação de oocistos replicados diretamente no esôfago das aves. A qualidade óssea foi avaliada aos 21, 35, 49 e 72 dias de idade. Para isso, foram coletadas 8 aves por tratamento, em cada idade de coleta, que foram sacrificadas por deslocamento cervical. As tíbias e os fêmures foram radiografados e tomografados para avaliação da densidade óssea, posteriormente foram avaliados os teores de matéria seca, cinzas ósseas, cálcio e de fósforo. Houve diferenças apenas entre as idades, sendo que os tratamentos não causaram alterações das características ósseas. Aos 56 dias as aves apresentaram pior qualidade óssea. Os tratamentos não influenciaram os parâmetros estudados. O que permite concluir que a vacinação contra coccidiose promove boa mineralização dos ossos