Resposta nos lípides e nas lipoproteínas séricas ao aconselhamento nutricional exclusivo em indivíduos dislipidêmicos segundo o sexo e a idade

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the plasma lipid responses of dyslipidemic patients to nutritional counseling according to gender and age. METHODS: One-hundred and twenty nine dyslipidemic subjects comprised the study, 56 men and 73 women, aged 20 to 73 years, treated at the Dyslipidemia Outpatient Clinic of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas Clinic Hospital. The inclusion criteria established that no lipid-lowering medication had been used in the 30 days prior to and during the nutritional counseling. Blood samples were collected in the morning after a 12 hour fast. The participants were divided into groups according to gender and age (age <60 and &gt; 60 years). The hypercholesterolemic patients were instructed to restrict saturated fats (<7%) and cholesterol (<200mg/day). Those presenting with high triglyceride levels (&gt;300mg/dL) were asked to consume a low fat diet. Those with mixed hyperlipidemia were instructed to do both. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and Analysis of Covariance. RESULTS: After nutritional counseling, total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased by 16% and 36% in males, and by 12% and 26% in females, respectively, and Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased by 12% in females. Only triglycerides decrease significantly. In the mixed hyperlipidemia group, the male and female triglyceride (-44% and -29%), Low Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (+12% and -15%) and High Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol (+7% and -3%) levels differed significantly. Between the age groups, only triglyceride levels differed significantly, with adults experiencing the highest reductions (33%). CONCLUSION: Nutritional counseling effectively lowered plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels, reinforcing the benefits of dietary interventions for the treatment of dyslipidemia.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a resposta do perfil lipídico e das lipoproteínas plasmáticas ao aconselhamento nutricional em indivíduos dislipidêmicos analisando as respostas entre os sexos e as faixas etárias. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 129 indivíduos dislipidêmicos, 56 homens e 73 mulheres, de 20 a 73 anos, atendidos no Ambulatório de Dislipidemias do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Os critérios de exclusão foram: uso de medicação hipolipemiante no mínimo 30 dias antes da entrevista inicial e/ou durante o acompanhamento. Os participantes foram divididos em grupos segundo sexo e faixa etária (&gt; 60 ou <60 anos). Orientou-se restrição de gorduras saturadas (<7%) e colesterol (<200mg/dia), além das gorduras totais (<20%) para valores de triglicérides &gt;300mg/dL, nos hipercolesterolêmicos. Na hiperlipidemia mista utilizou-se ambas orientações. RESULTADOS: No sexo masculino, a redução de colesterol total e triglicerides foi de 16% e 36% respectivamente; no feminino 12%, 26%, e de 12% para a Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade, com significância apenas para o triglicerides. Na hiperlipidemia mista, as diferenças entre os sexos foram significativas para triglicerides (-44% e -29%), Lipoproteína de Baixa Densidade (+12% e -15%) e Lipoproteína de Alta Densidade +7% e -3%), respectivamente. Entre as faixas etárias, a diferença foi significativa apenas para o triglicerides; os adultos apresentaram maiores reduções (33%). CONCLUSÃO: O aconselhamento nutricional mostrou-se efetivo na redução de lípides e lipoproteínas plasmáticos, reforçando os benefícios das intervenções dietéticas no tratamento das dislipidemias.21522

Serum lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents from a public university hospital outpatient clinic

OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents assisted at public university hospital outpatient clinic METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the lipid profile of 1,937 outpatients of both genders, from two to 19 years old, assisted at the outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas, Brazil, from 2000 to 2007. The cutoff values adopted were those recommended by Kwiterovich. Statistical analysis used the SPSS software. RESULTS: Altered values of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were found in 44, 36 and 56% of the children (2-9 years old) and in 44, 36 and 50% of the adolescents (10-19 years old), respectively. Reduced HDL-cholesterol concentrations were present in 44% of the children and 49% of the adolescents. A combination of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was present in 34% of children and adolescents. Hypercholesterolemia combined with hypoalphalipoproteinemia was present in 15% of the children and 20% of the adolescents, and hypertriglyceridemia combined with hypoalphalipoproteinemia was present in 33% of the children and 30% of the adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents of the out-patient clinic of a public university hospital was high. There is a need to further study hospital and non-hospital communities in order to establish early diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias and to avoid associated cardiovascular diseases.OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a prevalência de dislipidemias em uma amostra populacional brasileira ambulatorial de crianças e adolescentes de um centro hospitalar terciário público. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de análise de resultados de lípides e lipoproteínas de 1.937 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre dois e 19 anos, atendidos no ambulatório do Hospital de Clínicas (HC) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, no Estado de São Paulo, entre 2000 e 2007. Os valores de referência adotados foram os recomendados por Kwiterovich. A análise estatística utilizou o programa SPSS. RESULTADOS: Valores alterados de colesterol, LDL-colesterol e triglicérides foram encontrados em 44, 36 e 56% das crianças de dois a nove anos e em 44, 36 e 50% dos adolescentes de dez a 19 anos, respectivamente. Foi observada redução de HDL-colesterol em 44% das crianças e 49% dos adolescentes. Hipercolesterolemia combinada com hipertrigliceridemia estava presente em 34% das crianças e dos adolescentes; hipercolesterolemia e hipoalfalipoproteinemia estavam presentes em 15% das crianças e 20% dos adolescentes; e hipertrigliceridemia e hipoalfalipoproteinemia ocorreram em 33% das crianças e 30% dos adolescentes. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo demonstrou alta prevalência de dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes atendidos em um ambulatório de hospital universitário público, o que aponta para a necessidade de estudos em outras comunidades brasileiras, tanto hospitalares quanto não hospitalares, para o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento das dislipidemias e para a adoção de medidas preventivas com relação às doenças cardiovasculares associadas.545

Postmenopausal therapy reduces catalase activity and attenuates cardiovascular risk

BACKGROUND: Menopause can lead to alterations in women's health, with changes in the oxidative status of postmenopausal women in whom information regarding the influence of hormone therapy (HT) on antioxidant enzyme activities is limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of HT on catalase activity; concentrations of lipids and lipoprotein, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, nitrates, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and carotid thickness in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Ninety-four consecutive women were allocated to one of four groups, without HT and with HT. The latter group was subdivided into women using estrogen and those using estrogen plus progestogen therapy. Plasma biochemical parameters and common carotid intima-media thickness measurements were performed. RESULTS: HT antagonized the decrease in catalase activity after menopause, but had no effect on the levels of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, lipid peroxide, nitrate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, or on the common carotid intima-media thickness. Multivariate analysis showed that estrogen-based HT attenuated the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the intima-media thickness of the common carotid. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that HT in postmenopausal women produces beneficial antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic effects by ameliorating the plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles, increasing plasma catalase activity and attenuating the association between cardiovascular risk factors and early atherosclerosis.FUNDAMENTO: A menopausa pode levar a alterações na saúde feminina, com mudanças no estado oxidativo de mulheres pós-menopausadas, para as quais são limitadas as informações relativas à influência da hormonioterapia (HT) sobre as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da HT sobre a atividade da catalase, concentrações de lipídeos e lipoproteínas, proteína de transferência de colesteril éster, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, nitratos, proteína C-reativa ultrassensível e espessura da carótida em mulheres pós-menopausadas. MÉTODOS: Foram alocadas 94 mulheres para um de quatro grupos com ou sem HT. O último grupo foi subdividido em mulheres sendo tratadas com estrógeno e outras com estrógeno mais progestágeno. Foram realizadas medidas de parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos e da espessura da íntima-média da carótida. RESULTADOS: A HT antagonizou a redução na atividade da catalase após a menopausa, mas não teve efeito sobre os níveis da proteína de transferência de colesteril éster, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, peróxido lipídico, nitrato e proteína C reativa ultrassensível, nem sobre a espessura da íntima-média da carótida. A análise multivariada mostrou que a HT baseada em estrógeno atenuou a relação entre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e a espessura da íntima-média da carótida comum. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostra que a HT em mulheres pós-menopausadas produz efeitos antioxidantes e antiateroscleróticos benéficos por melhorar as concentrações séricas de lipídios e lipoproteínas, aumentar a atividade da catalase sérica e atenuar a associação entre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares e a aterosclerose precoce.1008101

Evaluation of lipid profiles of children and youth from Basic Health Units in Campinas, SP, Brazil: a cross-sectional laboratory study

Dentre as dislipidemias, a hipercolesterolemia é considerada o principal fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em adultos. Na infância e adolescência, a elevação de colesterol total (CT) e colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C) associam-se positivamente a marcadores de aterosclerose, entretanto, a triagem sistemática para dislipidemias nestes grupos é um tema controverso. Caracterizar as frequências, tipos e gravidade de dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes atendidos nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) mantidas pelo SUS em Campinas/SP. A partir do convênio com a Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Campinas foram obtidos resultados consecutivos de perfis lipídicos séricos (n = 312.650) de indivíduos de ambos os sexos (n = 62.530), com idade entre 1 dia e 19 anos, entre 2008 e 2015. Grupos etários e dislipidemias foram classificados conforme recomendações da literatura. O nível de significância estatístico considerado significativo foi de p < 0,05. As frequências observadas de CT, triglicérides (TG), LDL-C e não HDL-C (NHDL-C) aumentados foram, respectivamente 33%, 40%, 29% e 13% e de redução do colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C) 39%, no total, sendo maiores no sexo feminino e nas regiões sudoeste e sul da cidade, mais vulneráveis do ponto de vista socioeconômico; já em infantes a de TG, e nos adolescentes a de HDL-C prevaleceram. A alta frequência e a regionalização das dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes apontam para a necessidade de ações específicas no manuseio e tratamento destas no âmbito do sistema público de saúde em Campinas11414756FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2006/60585-9Among dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia is considered the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in adults. In childhood and adolescence, elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are positively associated with atherosclerosis markers, however, systematic screening for dyslipidemias in these groups is a controversial topic. To characterize the frequencies, types and severity of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents attended at the Basic Health Units managed by SUS in Campinas/SP. After an agreement with the Municipal Health Department of Campinas, consecutive results of serum lipid profiles (n = 312,650) of individuals of both sexes (n = 62,530) aged between 1 day old and 19 years were obtained, from 2008 to 2015. Age groups and dyslipidemias were classified according to recommendations in the literature. The statistical significance level adopted was the probability value (p) of 0.05 or less. The observed frequencies of increased TC, triglycerides (TG), LDL-C and non-HDL-C (NHDL-C) were 33%, 40%, 29% and 13% respectively, and of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) the frequency was 39%. The frequencies, in general, were greater in females and in the southwest and south regions of the city, whose populations are more vulnerable from the socioeconomic point of view; on the other hand, in children and adolescents, the frequencies of TG and HDL-C prevailed, respectively. The high frequency and regionalization of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents indicate the need for specific actions in the handling and treatment of such diseases by the public health system of Campina

Relationship between lipoprotein (a) and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic individuals

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the associations between Lipoprotein (a) ‒ Lp(a) levels and carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) and with carotid plaques in healthy subjects because of previous contradictory data. Methods: A total of&nbsp;317&nbsp;healthy normolipidemic subjects (20‒77&nbsp;years old) were selected. The cIMT and atherosclerotic plaques were determined by B-mode ultrasonography. Mann-Whitney tests were performed to compare the groups according to Lp(a) levels and to explore the associations between Lp(a), carotid plaques, and cIMT, logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. Results: Studied population (51%&nbsp;females, median age&nbsp;43&nbsp;years old) presented carotid plaques and cIMT&nbsp;≥ 0.9&nbsp;mm in&nbsp;23% and&nbsp;18% of the participants, respectively. The group with Lp(a) levels&nbsp;&gt; 30&nbsp;mg/dL presented significantly higher age and atherosclerotic plaques. Indeed, multivariate linear regression analysis showed a significant association between Lp(a), age, and race. On the other hand, logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the subjects with Lp(a)&nbsp;&gt; 30&nbsp;mg/dL have a significantly high risk of carotid plaques. Conclusion: The data from the present study indicate that Lp(a) levels above&nbsp;30&nbsp;mg/dL contribute to the development of carotid plaques even in apparently healthy participants

Effects Of Atorvastatin And T-786c Polymorphism Of Enos Gene On Plasma Metabolic Lipid Parameters.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity may be modulated by high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), statins or polymorphisms, such as the T-786C of eNOS. This study aimed at evaluating if the T-786C polymorphism is associated with changes of atorvastatin effects on the lipid profile, on the concentrations of metabolites of nitric oxide (NO) and of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Thirty male volunteers, asymptomatic, aged between 18 and 56 years were genotyped and classified according to absence (TT, n = 15) or presence (CC, n = 15) of the polymorphism. They were randomly selected for the use of placebo or atorvastatin (10 mg/day/14 days). After each treatment lipids, lipoproteins, HDL2 and HDL3 composition, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, metabolites of NO and hsCRP were evaluated. The comparisons between genotypes after placebo showed an increase in CETP activity in a polymorphism-dependent way (TT, 12±7; CC, 22±12; p < 0.05). The interaction analyses between treatments indicated that atorvastatin has an effect on cholesterol, LDL, nitrite and lipid-protein ratios (HDL2 and HDL3) (p < 0.001) in both genotypes. Interestingly, we observed genotype/drug interactions on CETP (p < 0.07) and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) (p < 0.056), leading to a borderline decrease in CETP, but with no effect on Lp(a). HsCRP showed no alteration. These results suggest that statin treatment may be relevant for primary prevention of atherosclerosis in patients with the T-786C polymorphism of eNOS, considering the effects on lipid metabolism.10014-2

The I405V and Taq1B polymorphisms of the CETP gene differentially affect sub-clinical carotid atherosclerosis

Background: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a major role in lipid metabolism, but studies on the association of CETP polymorphisms with risks of cardiovascular disease are inconsistent. This study investigated whether the CETP gene I405V and Taq1B polymorphisms modified subclinical atherosclerosis in an asymptomatic Brazilian population sample. Methods: The polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction in 207 adult volunteers. Serum lipid profiles, oxLDL Ab titers, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-a concentrations and CETP and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activities were determined, and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT) was measured using ultrasonography. Results: No differences in cIMT were observed between the presence or absence of the minor B2 and V alleles in either polymorphism. However, inverse correlations between mean cIMT and CETP activity in the presence of these polymorphisms were observed, and positive correlations of these polymorphisms with PLTP activity and oxLDL Ab titers were identified. Moreover, logistic multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of the B2 allele was associated with a 5.1-fold (CI 95%, OR: 1.26 - 21.06) increased risk for cIMT, which was equal and above the 66th percentile and positively interacted with age. However, no associations with the V allele or CETP and PLTP activities were observed. Conclusions: None of the studied parameters, including CETP activity, explained the different relationships between these polymorphisms and cIMT, suggesting that other non-determined factors were affected by the genotypes and related to carotid atherosclerotic disease.The authors thank “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São\ud Paulo- FAPESP” (grant number 2006/60585-9) and “Coordenação de\ud Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior- CAPES” for the financial\ud support; Mirian Danelon, from the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, and\ud Aparecida Sousa from the Lipids Laboratory/Núcleo de Medicina e Cirurgia\ud Experimental of the School of Medical Sciences (FCM)/Unicamp for the\ud technical support; Helymar Machado from FCM´s Research Chamber for the\ud statistical analysis