Effectiveness of Treatment Approaches Based on Articulation Therapy to Reduction Degree of speech Disorders

The study was conducted in Zalengie city during academic year 2013-2014. bjectives: to verify the effectiveness of the treatment program in reducing speech disorder, and to identify the prevalence of speech disorder among basic school pupils in Zalingei- Sudan. Method: The researcher used descriptive  tatistic methods. Questioner technique is used as method of data collection beside speech therapy program. Study group included 130 children with speech disorders from basic School, 40 pupils were selected randomly as study group sample. The data was analyzed by using SPSS program. Results: the prevalence of speech disorders among basic pupils is (8%), the treatment program application to reduce the degree of some speech disorder is effectiveness (p<0.05), the high responses to treatment program is stuttering. Conclusion: In this study, the researcher found that we can treatment and reduced the speech disorders by using treatment programs approaches

Traffic Solution and Improvement for the Area Surrounding Shubra Museum in Taif City, KSA

Planning and design of road infrastructure are based on determination of traffic flow parameters and their distribution in the observed area in terms of space and time. For the purpose of selecting the optimal solution of the planned period, it is necessary to conduct research of relevant traffic flow parameters in characteristic conditions of the observed road network. Taif city is located in the western zone of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia where it is the eastern port of the Holly Capital, Makkah. In addition, it is a major touristic destination for citizens throughout the year. Despite this importance, Taif city needs to develop traffic flow, especially in downtown because of high traffic congestion, traffic accidents, location of city and the increasing population annually. This paper shows the solution of traffic systems and improving of the area surrounding of Shubra museum in Taif City. The engineering calculations such the peak hour factor, peak hour volume and engineering designs of the roads, pedestrians and design of the parking to achieve the KSA vision 2030 taking into consideration national and global codes within the realistic constrains and reduce the cost as much as possible. The alternatives proposed were studied within the current road networks surrounding the Shubra Museum in downtown Taif to obtain the optimized alternative, in order to find a sustainable future traffic flow. The proposed alternatives based upon international and national standards for highways design, AASHTO, Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Specifications of Saudi Ministry of Transportation. Results revealed that the proposed alternatives achieved better performance in terms of traffic regulation in downtown Taif city. Also, the wide area obtained around the museum showed a better performance in terms of organizing the pedestrian movement and the comfort of the visitors as well as the museum achieving its goals very efficiently in the future. Moreover, construction of tunnel reduces the traffic congestions in the future and increases the area on the front of museum by 60 %. Although the high cost of constructing a concrete tunnel in the front area of the museum which needs extensive geotechnical and structural studies, the positive environmental impacts give this alternative more advantages as a viable and sustainable alternative. 

Reconnaissance a new Palaeolithic site at Al-Huwaidy in Ha’il region, northwest Saudi Arabia

Ha’il region in northwest Saudi Arabia is characterized by the presence of oases, flat plains, Paleo-lakes, and lava fields, which are some of the main landscape characteristics in which Palaeolithic sites have been found in the region. It is located on one of the routes of early hominin dispersal across Arabia. The ongoing archaeological research made by the Paleodeserts and Disperse projects have recorded several Acheulean and Middle Palaeolithic sites in such localities as Jubbah basin in the Nefud desert (Groucutt et al. 2021; Petraglia et al. 2015; 2019), yet large parts of the region are still unexplored. The ground archaeological survey conducted by the authors at Al-Huwaidy village, 70 km southwest of Ha’il town, has led to the discovery of a unique Palaeolithic site on the margin of a palaeo-oasis, close to a volcanic mountain. The archaeological site consists of an agglomeration spread of lithics covering an area of basaltic field and outcrops. Numerous handaxes have been documented on the surface and the profiles of current water canal shafts. The site setting and the quantity and quality of lithics from Large Cutting Tools (LCT), including typical handaxes, foliate handaxes, Acheulean cores and flakes, indicate that the site represents a new and interesting extension of Palaeolithic archaeology in the northwest of Arabia similar to Palaeolithic characteristics in the Jubbah basin. Thus, this discovery has a direct relevance in assessing the distribution of Palaeolithic sites in the Ha’il region, showing that they not only occur in the northern area (Nefud desert), but also in the different landscape (basaltic lava field) in the southern part of the region

SUCCESSFUL TWO PREGNANCIES IN ACHONDROPLASIC MOTHER, A CASE REPORT

The word achondroplasia is derived from Greek and means "without cartilage formation," although individuals with achondroplasia do have cartilage. In genetics, dominance describes the effects of the different versions of a particular gene on the phenotype of an organism. Many animals (including humans) and plants have two copies of each gene in their genome, one inherited from each parent

Malaria and pre-eclampsia in an area with unstable malaria transmission in Central Sudan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Placental malaria and pre-eclampsia occur frequently in women in tropics and are leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidities and mortality. Few data exist concerning the interaction between placental malaria and pre-eclampsia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A case control study was conducted in Medani Hospital, which locates in an area of unstable malaria transmission in Central Sudan. Case (N = 143) were women with pre-eclampsia, which was defined as systolic blood presure≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg and proteinuria. Controls were parturient women (N = 143) without any blood pressure values > 139/89 mm Hg or proteinuria. Obstetrical and medical characteristics were gathered from both groups through structured questionnaires. Placental histopathology examinations for malaria were performed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-eight (19.6%) vs. 16 (11.2%); <it>P </it>= 0.04 of the cases vs. controls, had placental malaria infections. Five (2%), 1 (2%) and 22 (28.0%) vs. 1, 2 and 13 of the placentae showed acute, chronic and past infection on histopathology examination in the two groups respectively, while 115 (80.4%) vs.127 (88.8%) of them showed no infection, <it>P </it>= 0.04. In multivariate analysis, while there were no associations between age, parity, educational level, lack of antenatal care, blood groups and body mass index and pre-eclampsia; family history of hypertension and placental malaria (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.0-5.2; <it>P </it>= 0.04) were significantly associated with pre-eclampsia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Placental malaria was associated with pre-eclampsia. Further research is needed.</p

Metabolic Syndrome among Undergraduate Students Attending Medical Clinics for Obligatory Medical Screening

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MS) among first-year undergraduate students in three Sudanese universities.Methods: A total of 384 first-year students attending university medical clinics for obligatory medical checkup in Khartoum, Sudan participated in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric parameters, including weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured with reference to National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) guidelines. Fasting blood samples were collected from all participants and assayed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL).Results: The overall prevalence of MS in the test group was 7.8 %. The prevalence of MS, though higher in females, was statistically not significant (p = 0.32). According to residential area (rural – urban), the prevalence was higher in urban than rural, 10.4 and 4.4 %, respectively (p = 0.25 and p = 0.25, respectively). In addition, frequency of MS was directly proportional to age. The weight of patients with MS was significantly different from that of non-MS subjects (p ˂ 0.001). Same was also observed when obese patients were compared with non-MS subjects. (p ˂ 0.001).Conclusion: The prevalence of MS among Sudanese first-year university students in Khartoum is moderately high. Incidence of MS among the students is directly proportional to BMI.Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Anthropometri

Development of phase change memory cell electrical circuit model for non-volatile multistate memory device

Phase change memory (PCM) is an emerging non-volatile memory technology that demonstrates promising performance characteristics. The presented research aims to study the feasibility of using resistive non-volatile PCM in embedded memory applications, and in bridging the performance gap in traditional memory hierarchy between volatile and non-volatile memories. The research studies the operation dynamics of PCM, including its electrical, thermal and physical properties; in order to determine its behaviour. A PCM cell circuit model is designed and simulated with the aid of SPICE tools (LTSPICE IV). The first step in the modelling process was to design a single-level PCM (SLPCM) cell circuit model that stores a single bit of data. To design the PCM circuit model; crystallization theory and heat transfer equation were utilized. The developed electrical circuit model evaluates the physical transformations that a PCM cell undergoes in response to an input pulse. Furthermore, the developed model accurately simulated the temperature profile, the crystalline fraction, and the resistance of the cell as a function of the programming pulse. The circuit model is then upgraded into a multilevel phase change memory (MLPCM) cell circuit model. The upgraded MLPCM circuit model stores two bits of data, and incorporates resistance drift with time. The multiple resistance levels were achieved by controlling the programming pulse width in the range of 10ns to 200ns. Additionally, the drift behaviour was precisely evaluated; by using statistical data of drift exponents, and evaluating the exact drift duration. Moreover, the simulation results for the designed SLPCM and MLPCM cell models were found to be in close agreement with experimental data. The simulated I-V characteristics for both SLPCM and MLPCM mimicked the experimentally produced I-V curves. Furthermore, the simulated drift resistance levels matched the experimental data for drift durations up to 103 seconds; which is the available experimental data duration in technical literature. Furthermore, the simulation results of MLPCM showed that the deviation between the programmed and drifted resistance can reach 6x106Ω in less than 1010 seconds. This resistance deviation leads to reading failures in less than 100 seconds after programming, if standard fixed sensing thresholds method was used. Therefore, to overcome drift reliability issues, and retain the density advantage offered by multilevel operation; a time-aware sensing scheme is developed. The designed sensing scheme compensates for the drift caused resistance deviation; by using statistical data of drift coefficients to forecast adaptive sensing thresholds. The simulation results showed that the use of adaptive time-aware sensing thresholds completely eliminated drift reliability issues and read errors. Furthermore, PCM based nanocrossbar memory structure performance in terms of delay and energy consumption is studied in simulation environment. The nanocrossbar is constructed with a grid of connecting wires; and the designed PCM cell circuit model is used as memory element and placed at junction points of the grid. Then the effect of connecting nanowires resistance in PCM nanocrossbar performance is studied in passive crossbars. The resistance of a connecting wire segment was evaluated with physical formulas that calculate nanoscaled conductors’ resistance. Then a resistor that is equivalent to each wire segment resistance is placed in the tested crossbar structure. Simulation results showed that due to connecting wires resistance; the PCM cells are not truly biased to programming voltage and ground. This leads to 40% deviation in the programed low resistive state from the targeted levels. Thus, affecting PCM reliability and decreasing the high to low resistance ratio by 90%. Therefore, programming and architectural solutions to wire resistance related reliability issue ar presented. Where dissipated power across wire resistance is compensated for; by controlling programming pulse duration. The programming solution retained reliability however; it increased programming energy consumption and delay by an average of 40pJ and 60ns respectively per operation. Additionally, the effects of leakage energy in PCM based nanocrossbars were studied in simulation environment. Then, a structural solution was developed and designed. In the designed structure; leakage sneak paths are eliminated by introducing individual word lines to each memory element. This method led to 30% reduction in reading delay, and consumed only about sixth the leakage energy consumed by the standard structure. Moreover, a sensing scheme that aims to reduce energy consumption in PCM based nanocrossbars during reading process was explored. The sensing method is developed using AC current in contrast to the standard DC current reading circuits. In the designed sensing circuit, a low pass filter is utilized. Accordingly, the filter attenuation of the applied AC reading signal indicates the stored state. The proposed circuit design of the AC sensing scheme was constructed and studied in simulation environment. Simulation results showed that AC sensing has reduced reading energy consumption by over 50%; compared to standard DC sensing scheme. Furthermore, the use of SLPCM and MLPCM in memory applications as crossbar memory elements, and in logic applications i.e. PCM based LUTs was explored and tested in simulation environment. The PCM performance in crossbar memory was then compared to current Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) technology and against one of the main emerging resistive non-volatile memory technologies i.e. Memristors. Simulation results showed that programming and reading energy consumption of PCM based crossbars were five orders of magnitude more than SRAM based crossbars. And reading delay of SRAM based crossbars was only 38% of reading delay of PCM based counterparts. However, PCM cells occupies less than 60% of the area required by SRAM and can store multiple bit in a single cell. Moreover, Memristor based nanocrossbars outperformed PCM based ones; in terms of delay and energy consumption. With PCM consuming 2 orders of magnitude more energy during programming and reading. PCM also required 10 times the programming delay. However, PCM crossbars offered higher switching resistance range i.e. 170kΩ compared to the 20kΩ offered by memristors; which support PCM multibit storage capability and higher density

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MATERNAL MORTALITY AND POOR PERINATAL OUTCOMES IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF SUDAN

Background: Both maternal mortality and poor perinatal outcomes (mainly; low birth weight, stillbirth and perinatal mortality) are health as well as obstetrics indicators. Thus, there is an urgent need to investigate epidemiology of maternal mortality and poor perinatal outcomes in the different regions of Sudan. Objectives: To investigate the epidemiology of maternal mortality and poor perinatal outcomes in the different regions of Sudan. Methods: Various cross- sectional, case -control, and Cohort studies were conducted during the last 7 years. Results:&nbsp; Maternal mortality was ranged 442 (146/33034)-640 (63/9841) / 100000 birth in the different regions of Sudan, most of these were due to communicable diseases. Low birth weight was reported in 15.3% (80/524), 12.5% (260/2076), 12.6% (97/1224), 14.9% (64/430) 12.6% in New Halfa, Khartoum, Medani and Elfashir, respectively. Anaemia was risk factors for low birth weight in Elfashir and in Medani; it was risk factor for fetal anaemia in New Halfa and risk factor for stillbirth in Kassala. There were 21 (206/9841), 29 (981/34015), 35(46/1293)/ 1000 stillbirths and 33(44/1342)/1000 in Elfashir, Medani, Khartoum respectively and Kassala, respectively. There was 9.2% (46/500) perinatal death in New Halfa. Conclusion: More effort should be paid to reduce the high maternal and perinatal mortality. More care should be toward nutrition, malaria prevention and other communicable disease