Comparison of bacterial contamination of raw and pasteurized milk used in Shahrekord in 2006

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: شیر نقش عمده ای در تغذیه انسان دارد. لذا کنترل و نظارت بر موازین بهداشتی آن در طول تهیه، حمل و نقل، نگهداری و عرضه بسیار حیاتی است. با توجه به اینکه مصرف شیرخام (غیر پاستوریزه) در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری بالا است این پژوهش با هدف تعیین میزان آلودگی باکتریولوژیکی در شیر خام و پاستوریزه در شهرکرد انجام شد. روش بررسی: این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی – تحلیلی است که در سال 1385 در مراکز جمع آوری و کارخانجات تولید شیر شهرستان شهرکرد انجام شد. تعداد 300 نمونه شیر خام از پنج مرکز جمع آوری شهرکرد در ظروف استریل 200 میلی لیتری و تعداد 120 نمونه شیر پاستوریزه از کارخانجات تولید شیر و مراکز تهیه و توزیع مواد غذایی به روش سهمیه ای در دو فصل تابستان و زمستان جمع آوری گردید. کلیفرم ها به روش محتمل ترین تعداد (MPN) بر روی محیط کشت لاکتوز برات، جهت شمارش کلی باکتری ها (TC) از محیط کشت ویولت رد بایل آگار و جهت جدا سازی اشرشیا کلی از محیط کشت ائوزین متیلن بلو (EMB) و جهت تشخیص افتراقی ازآزمایش ایم ویک (IMVIC) استفاده شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون های مجذور کای، من ویتنی و کروسکال والیس تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که 70 (208 مورد) نمونه های شیر خام به اشرشیا کلی آلوده بودند و 5/80 (242 مورد) نمونه ها آلودگی کلیفرمی داشتند. بیشترین میزان آلودگی در منطقه جنوب غربی با 88 و کمترین میزان در منطقه شمال شرقی 3/58 بود (05/0

Identifying and prioritizing capabilities and skills necessary for marketing knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah

The aim of this study is identifying and prioritizing capabilities and skills necessary for marketing knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah. For this purpose 120 of experts, deputies and managers of knowledge-basedcompanies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah have been selected with the use of simple random sampling method and responded to the author-made questionnaire and finally, the obtained data from the research sample have been analyzed with the use of single-sample t-test. The results indicate that from the point of view of the experts, deputies and managers of knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah inclination toward learning, team work skills, communicational skills, analytical skills, planning skills and sales management skills are considered as necessary skills for marketing knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah (p<0.01) and also strategic marketing, international marketing and exports, research and analysis of market, innovation and development of new products, service and internet marketing are among necessary capabilities for marketing knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah (p<0.01)

Identifying and prioritizing capabilities and skills necessary for marketing knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah

The aim of this study is identifying and prioritizing capabilities and skills necessary for marketing knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah. For this purpose 120 of experts, deputies and managers of knowledge-basedcompanies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah have been selected with the use of simple random sampling method and responded to the author-made questionnaire and finally, the obtained data from the research sample have been analyzed with the use of single-sample t-test. The results indicate that from the point of view of the experts, deputies and managers of knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah inclination toward learning, team work skills, communicational skills, analytical skills, planning skills and sales management skills are considered as necessary skills for marketing knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah (p<0.01) and also strategic marketing, international marketing and exports, research and analysis of market, innovation and development of new products, service and internet marketing are among necessary capabilities for marketing knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park in Kermanshah (p<0.01)

Multilocus Genotyping of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma Solani' Associated with Grapevine Bois Noir in Iran

none5Simple Summary Understanding the epidemiological cycle of Bois noir (BN) associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' is vital to managing the disease effectively. The genotyping of 'Ca. P. solani' strains, according to tuf, vmp1, and stamp genes, contributes to a better knowledge of the geographical distribution of BN. In this study, we provide information on the molecular variants of 'Ca. P. solani' in Iranian vineyards. We observed six known vmp1 variants and discovered two new ones, V24 and V27. This information is useful for future investigations to more accurately understand the epidemiological cycle(s) of BN in Iranian vineyards, contributing to the management of the disease. Grapevine Bois noir (BN) is associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'. It has been recorded in vineyards throughout Europe as well as in different countries in Asia, where it now constitutes a threat to Iranian viticulture. BN is strictly dependent on 'Ca. P. solani' strains, wild host plants, and insect vectors. The molecular typing of 'Ca. P. solani', based on the nonribosomal gene tuf and the two hypervariable markers vmp1 and stamp, is valuable for the reconstruction and clarification of the pathways of BN spread. In this study, an RFLP analysis was performed on the vmp1 gene, and a single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis confirmed new vmp types in 'Ca. P. solani'. A stamp gene phylogenetic analysis allowed us to distinguish between the new genotype infections in the grapevines and the 'weeds' Convolvulus arvensis and Erigeron bonariensis in Iranian vineyards, highlighting the close genetic relatedness of the strains of 'Ca. P. solani' found in Iran and Azerbaijan. The most common genotype in the grapevines was tuf b/V24/stamp III, which was associated with C. arvensis. This information contributes toward the identification of further routes of introduction of 'Ca. P. solani' in Iran to sustain the control measures for the management of BN.Jamshidi, Elham; Murolo, Sergio; Ravari, Sareh Baghaee; Salehi, Mohammad; Romanazzi, GianfrancoJamshidi, Elham; Murolo, Sergio; Ravari, Sareh Baghaee; Salehi, Mohammad; Romanazzi, Gianfranc

Investigating the Effect of the Consumer's Perceived Value of Sustainable Marketing Features on the Willingness to Participate in Packaging Container Recycling

Sustainable marketing is one of the marketing innovations that flourished at the same time as environmental protection movements. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the consumer's perceived value of sustainable marketing characteristics (relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, testability) on the willingness to participate in the recycling of packaging containers. This research is based on practical purpose and in terms of data collection method, it is descriptive and survey of correlation type. The statistical population includes the customers of a number of fast-food restaurants in Isfahan, and using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people. In this research, an available sampling method was used to collect data from a researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by calculating convergent and divergent validity and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha index. In statistical analysis, a structural equation modeling approach and Smart-PLS software have been used. The results showed that relative advantage, complexity, and testability have a significant effect on the perceived value of the consumer, but compatibility does not have a significant effect on the perceived value of the consumer. Also, the perceived value of the consumer has a significant effect on the willingness to participate in the recycling of packaging containers. Relative advantage, complexity, and testability have a significant effect on the willingness to participate in packaging container recycling through the mediating role of consumer perceived value, but compatibility does not have a significant effect on the willingness to participate in packaging container recycling through the mediating role of consumer perceived value

Nanoliposomes and Tocosomes as Multifunctional Nanocarriers for the Encapsulation of Nutraceutical and Dietary Molecules

Nanoscale lipid bilayers, or nanoliposomes, are generally spherical vesicles formed by the dispersion of phospholipid molecules in a water-based medium by energy input. The other nanoscale object discussed in this entry, i.e., tocosome, is a recently introduced bioactive carrier made mainly from tocopheryl phosphates. Due to their bi-compartmental structure, which consists of lipidic and aqueous compartments, these nanocarriers are capable of carrying hydrophilic and hydrophobic material separately or simultaneously. Nanoliposomes and tocosomes are able to provide protection and release of sensitive food-grade bioactive materials in a sustained manner. They are being utilized for the encapsulation of different types of bioactive materials (such as drugs, vaccines, antimicrobials, antioxidants, minerals and preservatives), for the enrichment and fortification of different food and nutraceutical formulations and manufacturing of functional products. However, a number of issues unique to the nutraceutical and food industry must first be resolved before these applications can completely become a reality. Considering the potentials and promises of these colloidal carrier systems, the present article reviews various aspects of nanoliposomes, in comparison with tocosomes, including the ingredients used in their manufacture, formation mechanisms and issues pertaining to their application in the formulation of health promoting dietary supplements and functional food products

Applying Intersectionality in designing and implementing health interventions: a scoping review

BACKGROUND: Given the potential of intersectionality to identify the causes of inequalities, there is a growing tendency toward applying it in the field of health. Nevertheless, the extent of the application of intersectionality in designing and implementing health interventions is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the extent to which previous studies have applied intersectionality and its principles in designing and implementing health interventions. METHODS: The title and abstract of the articles which were published in different databases e.g. PubMed, Web of Science, Proquest, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and PsychInfo were screened. Those articles that met the screening criteria were reviewed in full text. The data about the application of principles of intersectionality, according to the stages heuristic model (problem identification, design & implementation, and evaluation), were extracted through a 38-item researcher-made checklist. RESULTS: Initially, 2677 articles were found through reviewing the target databases. After removing the duplicated ones and screening the titles and abstracts of 1601 studies, 107 articles were selected to be reviewed in detail and 4 articles could meet the criteria. The most frequently considered intersectionality principles were "intersecting categories" and "power", particularly at the stages of 'problem identification' as well as 'design & implementation'. The results showed that "multilevel analysis" principle received less attention; most of the studies conducted the interventions at the micro level and did not aim at bringing about change at structural levels. There was a lack of clarity regarding the attention to some of the main items of principles such as "reflexivity" as well as "social justice and equity". These principles might have been implemented in the selected articles; however, the authors have not explicitly discussed them in their studies. CONCLUSIONS: Given the small number of included studies, there is still insufficient evidence within empirical studies to show the implication of intersectionality in designing and conducting health interventions. To operationalize the intersectionality, there is a need to address the principles at various stages of health policies and interventions. To this end, designing and availability of user-friendly tools may help researchers and health policymakers appropriately apply the intersectionality

Microbial dynamics in rearing trials of Hermetia illucens larvae fed coffee silverskin and microalgae

In the present study, Hermetia illucens larvae were reared on a main rearing substrate composed of a coffee roasting byproduct (coffee silverskin, Cs) enriched with microalgae (Schizochytrium limacinum or Isochrysis galbana) at various substitution levels. The microbial diversity of the rearing substrates, larvae, and frass (excrement from the larvae mixed with the substrate residue) were studied by the combination of microbial culturing on various growth media and metataxonomic analysis (Illumina sequencing). High counts of total mesophilic aerobes, bacterial spores, presumptive lactic acid bacteria, coagulase-positive cocci, and eumycetes were detected. Enterobacteriaceae counts were low in the rearing diets, whereas higher counts of this microbial family were observed in the larvae and frass. The microbiota of the rearing substrates was characterized by the presence of lactic acid bacteria, including the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella. The microbiota of the H. illucens larvae fed Cs was characterized by the dominance of Paenibacillus. H. illucens fed diets containing I. galbana were characterized by the presence of Enterococcus, Lysinibacillus, Morganella, and Paenibacillus, depending on the algae inclusion level, while H. illucens fed diets containing S. limacinum were characterized by high relative abundances of Brevundimonas, Enterococcus, Paracoccus, and Paenibacillus, depending on the algae inclusion level. Brevundimonas and Alcaligenes dominated in the frass from larvae fed I. galbana; the predominance of Brevundimonas was also observed in the frass from larvae fed Schyzochitrium-enriched diets. Based on the results of the present study, an effect of algae nutrient bioactive substances (e.g. polysaccharides, high-unsaturated fatty acids, taurine, carotenoids) on the relative abundance of some of the bacterial taxa detected in larvae may be hypothesized, thus opening new intriguing perspectives for the control of the entomopathogenic species and foodborne human pathogens potentially occurring in edible insects. Further studies are needed to support this hypothesis. Finally, new information on the microbial diversity occurring in insect frass was also obtained