Trace Elements Modulates Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes

The relationship between antioxidant trace elements (ATE) and metabolic disease is subtle and complex due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In type 2 diabetes (T2D), the relationship between ATE and insulin-like trace elements is very complex during oxidative stress (OS), being mediated by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and inflammation. The important role assigned to ATE (zinc, selenium, copper, manganese and chromium) by their involvement at different levels: Hemodynamic homeostasis (endothelial function and protein glycation), energy metabolism (carbohydrate and lipid tolerance) and enzymatic antioxidant protection [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)]. The ROS-mediated cellular signaling process is crucial. Manganese and selenium levels abnormalities might to be useful indicators of oxidative damage. Two major factors were suggested: lack of Mn bioavailability leading to the decrease of mitochondrial SOD activity (cytosolic SOD remains active), and low blood selenium level implying a decrease in GPx activity. In T2D pathophysiology, it appears that antioxidant defense is preserved in the cytosol (Cu/Zn-SOD) in T2D, whereas it is impaired in mitochondria (Mn-SOD) in the three pathologies, which make this cell organelle a true ATE therapeutic target. Future challenges require the in-depth investigations of mitochondrial mechanisms, involved the antioxidant trace elements signaling pathways in T2D pathophysiology

Emotional and external eating styles associated with obesity

Abstract Background Obesity is related to eating habits. Overeating is the most behavioural trait implicated in obesity; emotional, external and rigid restrained eating are three maladaptive eating habits that are associated to overeating. Objectives The current study assesses the eating styles of Algerian adults. It identifies and analyses differences in eating styles in a sample from adults with normal BMI and who have obesity. The study examines the relationship between eating styles and BMI. Methods The sample consisted of 200 volunteers aged from 31 to 62 years old, 110 with obesity and 90 having normal BMI. The participants were recruited from hospital and university employees. They were questioned about their eating habits. The participants did not receive any treatment. To assess eating styles, participants completed the DEBQ. Results The prevalence of women was in the majority, representing 61% (n = 122) in the total sample (63.63% (n = 70) with obesity, and 55.77% (n = 52) with normal BMI). The prevalence of men represents 39% (n = 78) in the total sample (36.36% (n = 40) with obesity, and 42.22% (n = 38) with normal BMI). Participants with obesity showed pathological eating styles. They scored higher on emotional and external eating styles than to normal BMI group. However, restraint eating showed a slight no significant increase. The mean scores ± standard deviations observed in each eating styles were: emotional eating (2.88 ± 0.99** vs. 1.71 ± 0.32), external eating (3.31 ± 0.68** vs. 1.96 ± 0.29), and retrained eating (1.81 ± 0.7ns vs. 1.3 ± 0.30). The linear regression analysis showed an effect of emotional and external eating on BMI. Conclusion These results could be used to provide clinical information at the initial screening for obesity criteria, obesity prevention and treatment

Interference of altered plasma trace elements profile with hyperhomocysteinemia and oxidative stress damage to insulin secretion dysfunction in Psammomys obesus : focus on the selenium

International audienceThe objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between altered plasma trace elements, particularly selenium (Se), with Hyper-homocysteinemia (HhCys) as a predictive factor of insulin secretion dysfunction. The study is carried out on adult Psammomys obesus, divided in 4 experimental groups: (I) Normoglycemic/Normoinsulinemic; (II) Normoglycemic/Hyperinsulinemic; (III) Hyperglycaemic/Hyperinsulinemic and (IV) Hyperglycaemic/Insulin deficiency with ketoacidosis. The data showed that a drastic depletion of Se plasma levels is positively correlated with HhCys (>15 µmol/L; p < .001), concomitantly with decreased GPx activity, GSH levels, and GSH/GSSG ratio in group IV both in plasma and liver. In contrast, SOD activity is increased (p ≤ .001) in group IV both in plasma and liver. However, plasma Cu and Mn levels increased, while plasma Zn levels decreased in group IV (p < .001). Our study confirms the increase of plasma hCys levels seemed to be a major contributing factor to antioxidant capacities and alters the availability of selenium metabolism by interference with homocysteine synthesis in the insulin secretion deficiency stage

Oral Cholecalciferol Supplementation in Sahara Black People with Chronic Kidney Disease Modulates Cytokine Storm, Oxidative Stress Damage and Athero-Thromboembolic Risk

The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) deficiency in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with immune system dysfunction (pro-inflammatory cytokines storm) through macrophages renal infiltration, oxidative stress (OxS) damage and athero-thromboembolic risk. Conversely, cholecalciferol supplementation (25OHD-S) prevents kidney fibrosis by inhibition of vascular calcification and nephrotic apoptosis (nephrons reduction). The objective of this study was to investigate the pleiotropic effects of 25OHD-S on immunomodulation, antioxidant status and in protecting against thromboembolic events in deficiency CKD Black and White individuals living in the Southern Sahara (SS). The oral 25OHD-S was evaluated in 60,000 IU/month/36 weeks versus in 2000 IU/day/24 weeks in Black (n = 156) and White (n = 150). Total serum vitamin D was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All biomarkers of pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC) were assessed by ELISA tests. OxS markers were assessed by Randox kits. Homocysteine and lipoproteine (a) were evaluated by biochemical methods as biomarkers of atherothromboembolic risk. All statistical analyses were performed with Student&rsquo;s t-test and one-way ANOVA. The Pearson test was used to calculate the correlation coefficient. The means will be significantly different at a level of p value &lt; 0.05. Multiple logistic regressions were performed using Epi-info and Statview software. Vitamin D deficiency alters the PIC profile, OxS damage and atherothrombogenic biomarkers in both SS groups in the same manner; however, these disorders are more acute in Black compared to White SS individuals. The results showed that the serum 25OHD3 concentrations became normal (&gt;75 nmol/L or &gt;30 ng/mL) in the two groups. We have shown that the dose and duration of 25OHD-S treatment are not similar in Black SS residents compared to White SS subjects, whilst the same inhabit the south Sahara environment. It appears that a high dose intermittent over a long period (D60: 36 weeks) was more efficient in Black people; while a lower dose for a short time is sufficient (D2: 24 weeks) in their White counterparts. The oral 25OHD-S attenuates PIC overproduction and OxS damage, but does not reduce athero-thromboembolic risk, particularly in Black SS residents

Fruit vinegars attenuate cardiac injury via anti-inflammatory and anti-adiposity actions in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

<p><b>Context:</b> Fruit vinegars (FVs) are used in Mediterranean folk medicine for their hypolipidemic and weight-reducing properties.</p> <p><b>Objective:</b> To investigate the preventive effects of three types of FV, commonly available in Algeria, namely prickly pear [<i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i> (L.) Mill (Cectaceae)], pomegranate [<i>Punica granatum</i> L. (Punicaceae)], and apple [<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh. (Rosaceae)], against obesity-induced cardiomyopathy and its underlying mechanisms.</p> <p><b>Materials and methods:</b> Seventy-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into 12 groups. The first group served as normal control (distilled water, 7 mL/kg bw), and the remaining groups were respectively treated with distilled water (7 mL/kg bw), acetic acid (0.5% w/v, 7 mL/kg bw) and vinegars of pomegranate, apple or prickly pear (at doses of 3.5, 7 and 14 mL/kg bw, acetic acid content as mentioned above) along with a high-fat diet (HFD). The effects of the oral administration of FV for 18 weeks on the body and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) weights, plasma inflammatory and cardiac enzymes biomarkers, and in heart tissue were evaluated.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Vinegars treatments significantly (<i>p</i> < .05) attenuated the HFD-induced increase in bw (0.2–0.5-fold) and VAT mass (0.7–1.8-fold), as well as increase in plasma levels of CRP (0.1–0.3-fold), fibrinogen (0.2–0.3-fold), leptin (1.7–3.7-fold), TNF-α (0.1–0.6-fold), AST (0.9–1.4-fold), CK-MB (0.3–1.4-fold) and LDH (2.7–6.7-fold). Moreover, vinegar treatments preserved myocardial architecture and attenuated cardiac fibrosis.</p> <p><b>Discussion and conclusion:</b> These findings suggest that pomegranate, apple and prickly pear vinegars may prevent HFD-induced obesity and obesity-related cardiac complications, and that this prevention may result from the potent anti-inflammatory and anti-adiposity properties of these vinegars.</p

Effet hypolipémiant des alcaloïdes de la coloquinte chez le rat Wistar soumis à un régime hyperlipidique [Hypolipidemic effect of colocynth alkaloids in Wistar rat fed high-fat diet]

Introduction. Animals fed high-fat diet have been shown to develop hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and moderate obesity, which resemble to human metabolic syndrome Many plant extracts have been recommended worldwide for metabolic disorders treatment. Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of alkaloids colocynth extract in rats fed high-fat diet. Material and methods. Male rats (n=18), were divided into three groups: a control group (LT) (n = 6) fed a standard diet (1.3 MJ/100 g), and an experimental group (LE) (n=12) received a standard diet enriched with palm oil (2.3 MJ/100 g). After four months of high-fat diet feeding, LE animals received intraperitoneally administration of alkaloids during five weeks (LTr). Results. Treated animals with bitter apple compared to experimental animals, showed significant reduction in serum triacylglycerols (-73%), total cholesterol (-30%), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) (-47%). Whereas, a significant increase was noted in high density lipoprotein (HDL)(+57%).Enzymatic activities of aspartate, alanine amino transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were lowered by 37, 20 and 34%, respectively. Conclusion. Our results suggest that alkaloids have positive effects on metabolic disorders caused by high-fat diet in rat

The desert gerbil Psammomys obesus as a model for metformin-sensitive nutritional type 2 diabetes to protect hepatocellular metabolic damage: Impact of mitochondrial redox state.

INTRODUCTION:While metformin (MET) is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug worldwide, its beneficial effects in Psammomys obesus (P. obesus), a rodent model that mimics most of the metabolic features of human diabetes, have not been explored thoroughly. Here, we sought to investigate whether MET might improve insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, lipid profile as well as cellular redox and energy balance in P. obesus maintained on a high energy diet (HED). MATERIALS AND METHODS:P. obesus gerbils were randomly assigned to receive either a natural diet (ND) consisting of halophytic plants (control group) or a HED (diabetic group) for a period of 24 weeks. MET (50 mg/kg per os) was administered in both animal groups after 12 weeks of feeding, i.e., the time required for the manifestation of insulin resistance in P. obesus fed a HED. Parallel in vitro experiments were conducted on isolated hepatocytes that were shortly incubated (30 min) with MET and energetic substrates (lactate + pyruvate or alanine, in the presence of octanoate). RESULTS:In vivo, MET lowered glycemia, glycosylated haemoglobin, circulating insulin and fatty acid levels in diabetic P. obesus. It also largely reversed HED-induced hepatic lipid alterations. In vitro, MET increased glycolysis but decreased both gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in the presence of glucogenic precursors and medium-chain fatty acid. Importantly, these changes were associated with an increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial redox states along with a decline in respiration capacity. CONCLUSIONS:MET prevents the progression of insulin resistance in diabetes-prone P. obesus, possibly through a tight control of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation depending upon mitochondrial function. While the latter is increasingly becoming a therapeutic issue in diabetes, the gut microbiota is another promising target that would need to be considered as well

Caloric intake, body weight and plasma metabolic profile in control (ND) and diabetic (HED) <i>P</i>. <i>obesus</i> exposed or not exposed to metformin.

<p>Caloric intake, body weight and plasma metabolic profile in control (ND) and diabetic (HED) <i>P</i>. <i>obesus</i> exposed or not exposed to metformin.</p