Tutela penale e soglia dell'offensività: il regime del "reato bagatellare" e del "fatto irrilevante"

After a long season in which the need for reordering the justice system resulted in multiple decriminalising laws, the persisting need for renovating the penal system seems to require something different than mere radical elision of penal sanctions, that is, of the instruments through which the response of the penal system should be adjusted to the peculiarity of the typified act in its concrete realisation. We wanted, therefore, to assess, in the first place, whether in the logic of a penal system inspired to the principle of necessary harmfulness, whereby the crime shall consist of harm to a legal good, significant margins of functioning of the penal irrelevance of the fact were possible. The study of the irrelevance clauses already established in our penal system, in juvenile trial and in the proceedings before the justice of the peace, together with the solutions adopted in other European systems, allowed us to develop a critical analysis of the new cause of exclusion of punishability for particular triviality of the fact, as introduced in the penal code. The legislator located the new cause of non-punishability in a context certainly characterised by harmfulness, save the following punitive waiver by the judge. The triviality of the criminal fact is therefore assumed as criterion of selection, on a concrete level, of facts not deserving to be penalized. The research, therefore, moved on to the analysis of the several "indexes of triviality" that characterise the fact as petty, in both the objective and subjective element. We noticed then how the "threads" of petty crimes and of the irrelevant fact are intertwined, precisely, in the logic of introducing in the penal system instruments to individuate in the lesser concrete seriousness of criminal offences the reason for giving up the application of a sanction through mechanisms of extinction of punishability. The research, also through a comparative approach, has been further extended to the exam of the influence of post-factum reparatory behaviours on the harmful dimension of crime, coming to detect in the practically inexistent consideration of such behaviours, the most lacking element of the present law. A missed occasion to pave the way to a conciliatory and reparative penal justice conceived as the most advanced frontier for an adequate response to crimes of low and medium seriousness, capable of remedying the penal inflation and of giving appropriate value to a gradualist conception of crime, as well as to the dimension of penal "triviality"

Feeling like a group after a natural disaster: Common ingroup identity and relations with outgroup victims among majority and minority young children

We conducted a field study to test whether the common ingroup identity model (Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000, reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press) could be a useful tool to improve intergroup relations in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Participants were majority (Italian) and minority (immigrant) elementary school children (N = 517) living in the area struck by powerful earthquakes in May 2012. Results revealed that, among majority children, the perceived external threat represented by the earthquake was associated with greater perceptions of belonging to a common ingroup including both ingroup and outgroup. In turn, heightened one-group perceptions were associated with greater willingness to meet and help outgroup victims, both directly and indirectly via more positive outgroup attitudes. Among immigrant children, perceived disaster threat was not associated with any of the dependent variables; one-group perceptions were positively associated with outgroup attitudes, helping and contact intentions towards outgroup victims. Thus, onegroup perceptions after a natural disaster may promote more positive and supporting relations between the majority and the minority group. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings

Parental Support during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Friend or Foe? A Moderation Analysis of the Association between Maternal Anxiety and Children’s Stress in Italian Dyads

: There is evidence that parental psychological disorders in stressful situations increase the risk of disturbance in child development. This has been investigated in disasters but not in pandemics, which are sensibly different from other types of traumatic events. We investigated the relationship between mothers' anxiety and their children's (self-reported) stress and the boundary conditions of this association during the first full COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mothers might have increased their protective attitudes to secure and support their children; we tested whether the relationship between mothers' anxiety and children's stress was weaker (buffer effect) or stronger (over-protection effect) when perceived parental support was high. We measured mothers' anxiety, children's perceived parental support, and children's stress in a sample of 414 8- to 11-year-old primary school children (229 females, Mage = 9.44) and 395 mothers (Mage = 42.84). Results supported the over-protection scenario and provided the first evidence for the "helicopter-parent effect" during the COVID-19 pandemic: mothers' anxiety was positively associated with children's stress only when perceived support was high. Our finding highlights the importance of educating parents (for example, via emotional training) to prevent the worst consequences of adverse events in children and promote their mental health

Conflicting gender-related differences in the natural history of patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Objective. To evaluated possible clinical and instrumental, natural history and prognostic divergences in women and men with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). Patients and Methods. From 1988 to 2012, we evaluated 803 consecutive patients with IDCM recorded in the Heart Muscle Disease Registry of Trieste (Italy). All patients had serial follow-up evaluations at 6, 12, and 24 months, and subsequently every two years, or more frequently if clinically indicated. Results. Two hundred and twenty-seven patients (28%) were female. At first evaluation women were significantly older (48 vs. 45 years old, p = 0.008); presented more frequently left bundle branch block at ECG (38% vs. 28%, p = 0.01), smaller left ventricular end-diastolic indexed volume at echocardiography (85 vs. 93 ml/m2, p <0.002) and more frequently moderate to severe mitral regurgitation at Doppler (43% vs. 33%, p = 0.015). No differences in NYHA class, medical treatment and device implantation rates were found. During a median of 108 months follow-up, women showed a significantly lower ten-year total mortality/heart transplantation (20% vs. 32% respectively, p = 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality rates (9% vs. 15%, p = 0.024) despite a less marked clinical and echocardiographic improvement. Conclusions. In our population of patients with IDCM, women showed a better long-term prognosis notwithstanding a presentation with a more advanced disease and a lower clinical-instrumental improvement on optimal medical therapy compared to men.&nbsp

Importare, produrre e consumare nella laguna di Venezia dal IV al XII secolo: anfore, vetri e ceramiche

The objective of this study is to deal with the long-term characters and consumption patterns in the Venetian lagoon in the period ranging from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages on the basis of existing archaeological documentation. The most archaeologically visible materials and, namely, pottery, amphorae and glass were materials taken into consideration. As a consequence of this analysis, three principal periods have been identified. A first phase, in Late Antiquity, documents a reasonably widespread circulation of imported Mediterranean ceramics (African and Eastern) and amphorae originating from the same areas. Along with a significant number of imports from distant places, this period also saw imports such as coarse pottery, single-fired glazed pottery and glass from neighbouring areas. This data seems to indicate a certain vitality in the lagoon in this period, which could be related to it being central to the traffic of the new political orders in the North Adriatic. Moreover, the following period, from the 8th to the 10th Century, coincided with a period of the stabilization and of institutional consolidation of a number of lagoon settlements as in Torcello and the same Olivolo/Rialto. It also marked a total decline in imports of both wide and medium range along with a significant reduction in the use of coarse cooking pottery and glass kitchenware. The sole exception is represented by single-fired glazed pottery produced in the North Adriatic which during the 9th and 11th Centuries was widespread in the lagoon. It is probable that this situation is a snapshot of a change that occurred in the behaviour of the lagoon communities and underscores close links to the Po valley and continental worlds rather than a loosening of economic and commercial ties, indirectly confirmed by written sources and by findings of moneys and amphorae. Therefore, it could also have been a symptom of cultural distance with reference models of the Byzantine area. At the same time, it was in this period that the production of glass was consolidated as represented by the Torcello context, if this can be dated from the 9th Century and not from the 7th as originally proposed. A change in this field was only registered after the year 1000 A.D. even if there were only few Mediterranean imports during the 11th Century consisting, currently, in a Constantinople ‘Glazed White Ware’ from the Monastery of Saints Hillary and Benedict in Gambarare (Mira) and a few fragments of Egyptian ‘Fayyumi Ware’ from Jesolo. Despite long commercial relations between Venice and Byzantium, on the one hand, and Islam (in particular Egypt) on the other, no changes in the lagoon elite, especially with reference to ceramics and as seen from the materials, occurred until well into the 12th Century. Rather than marking the existence or consolidation of these ties in this period, Byzantine sgraffito and Islamic fritware imports indicate how the Venetian elite started to slowly adapt to tastes that had long since been prevalent in contemporary Mediterranean societies

Once upon a time…: Using fairy tales as a form of vicarious contact to prevent stigma‐based bullying among schoolchildren

We conducted a vicarious contact intervention with the aim of promoting bystanders' intentions to react to stigma-based bullying among schoolchildren. Participants were Italian primary schoolchildren (N = 117 first to third graders); the outgroup was represented by foreign children. Vicarious contact was operationalized with story reading, creating fairy tales on stigma-based bullying where minority characters were bullied by majority characters. Once a week for 3 weeks, participants were read fairy tales in small groups by an experimenter and engaged in reinforcing activities. Results revealed that the intervention increased intergroup empathy (but not intergroup perspective-taking) and anti-bullying peer norms and fostered contact intentions. The intervention also had indirect effects via intergroup empathy on helping and contact intentions and on bystanders' reactions to stigma based-bullying. We discuss theoretical and practical implications, also in terms of the relevance of the present results for school policy. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement

May the odds be ever in your favor: The Hunger Games and the fight for a more equal society. (Negative) Media vicarious contact and collective action

Various studies have found that reading books about positive interactions between ingroup and outgroup characters, known as media vicarious contact, can reduce prejudice. Focusing on the fantasy saga of The Hunger Games, we examined the effects of negative vicarious contact on collective action across two studies. Specifically, we tested whether reading about fantasy characters living in a postapocalyptic conflictual society with large social disparities between advantaged and disadvantaged groups leads advantaged group members to display greater willingness to engage in collective action on behalf of the disadvantaged group. Results from Study 1 (correlational survey in the United Kingdom and United States) and Study 2 (experimental intervention in Italy) revealed that reading The Hunger Games is indirectly associated with greater collective action intentions via increased anger toward injustice. In both studies social dominance orientation (SDO) acted as a moderator, but in opposite directions: mediation was significant for low-SDOs in Study 1, and for high-SDOs in Study 2. Results are discussed in relation to the importance of media vicarious contact via book reading for social change, and to the need to identify the contextual conditions allowing to anticipate the specific moderation pattern that is more likely to emerge

Sequential models of intergroup contact and social categorization: an experimental field test of integrated models

Research has proposed different models of how the contact situation should be structured to maximize contact effects, focusing in particular on the role of categorization during contact. We conducted two experimental field interventions (Ns = 247 and 247) to test models that integrate different levels of categorization. Each of the tested models was contrasted against a no-intervention control condition. In both studies, we assessed effects shortly after the intervention (one week later, i.e., posttest) and then after approximately six months (i.e., follow-up). In the first study, results generally support the model where categorization precedes decategorization, showing effects on major dependent measures highlighted in research on intergroup contact: quantity and quality of contact, cross-group friendships, intergroup anxiety (marginal effect at follow-up), outgroup attitudes (only at follow-up). Evidence for follow-up effects for this model was, however, weaker in Study 2, where the delayed effects of the intervention emerged only indirectly, via changes in contact quality, outgroup attitudes, and approach behavioral intentions at posttest. Comparisons of the other two models (decategorization then categorization; and simultaneous categorization and decategorization) with the control condition (only in Study 1) provided weaker and inconsistent results

Comparing story reading and video watching as two distinct forms of vicarious contact: An experimental intervention among elementary school children

Research has shown that vicarious contact, that is observing an interaction between ingroup and outgroup members, can improve intergroup relations. Although vicarious contact has been operationalized in different ways, mainly via story reading or video watching, an experimental comparison of these different strategies is still missing. We conducted a school intervention with the aim of comparing the two most used forms of vicarious contact, namely story reading and video watching. Elementary schoolchildren without disabilities (N = 292) were assigned to one of three different conditions: reading a story; watching a video; control. In the two vicarious contact conditions, participants read or watched the story of a child with disability becoming friends with children without disabilities; in the control condition, participants only completed the dependent measures. Results revealed that, in general, both vicarious contact conditions were equally effective in improving outgroup attitudes and behavioural intentions. In addition, they operated with the same strength through the same underlying processes (IOS, ingroup norms). We discuss theoretical and practical implications in the context of vicarious contact as a prejudice-reduction intervention

Conflicting gender-related differences in the natural history of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Objective: To evaluated possible clinical and instrumental, natural history and prognostic divergences in women and men with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM). Patients and Methods: From 1988 to 2012, we evaluated 803 consecutive patients with IDCM recorded in the Heart Muscle Disease Registry of Trieste (Italy). All patients had serial follow-up evaluations at 6, 12, and 24 months, and subsequently every two years, or more frequently if clinically indicated. Results: Two hundred and twenty-seven patients (28%) were female. At first evaluation women were significantly older (48 vs. 45 years old, p = 0.008); presented more frequently left bundle branch block at ECG (38% vs. 28%, p = 0.01), smaller left ventricular end-diastolic indexed volume at echocardiography (85 vs. 93 ml/m2, p <0.002) and more frequently moderate to severe mitral regurgitation at Doppler (43% vs. 33%, p = 0.015). No differences in NYHA class, medical treatment and device implantation rates were found. During a median of 108 months follow-up, women showed a significantly lower ten-year total mortality/heart transplantation (20% vs. 32% respectively, p = 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality rates (9% vs. 15%, p = 0.024) despite a less marked clinical and echocardiographic improvement. Conclusion: In our population of patients with IDCM, women showed a better long-term prognosis notwithstanding a presentation with a more advanced disease and a lower clinical-instrumental improvement on optimal medical therapy compared to men