Ocorrência e estrutura de comunidades de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares na cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) após cultivo de plantas de cobertura

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Florianópolis, 2014.A mandioca é uma importante fonte alimentar, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, por ser cultivada em pequenas áreas e em solos com baixa disponibilidade nutricional. Esta espécie possui relação estreita com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA), que ampliam a extensão das raízes pela projeção de suas hifas, o que favorece a absorção de nutrientes do solo. Na cultura da mandioca o preparo do solo afeta as propriedades químicas, físicas, e biológicas do solo, além disso, a utilização de espécies diferentes de plantas de cobertura influenciam as comunidades fúngicas do solo. Além disso, a morfologia da mandioca, suas raízes com grande diâmetro, quanto à parte área que gera pouca cobertura de solo, podem afetar negativamente a conservação do solo. Estas características interferem diretamente no estabelecimento e no desenvolvimento da cultura, consequentemente afetando a produção das raízes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência das plantas de cobertura na ocorrência e estrutura de comunidades de FMA e a contribuição destes para a cultura da mandioca. Para isso foi conduzido na estação experimental da EPAGRI no município de Urussanga-SC, um experimento a campo com delineamento em blocos casualizados, constituído de seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos correspondem ao cultivo das plantas de cobertura: Aveia (Avena sativa L.), Ervilhaca (Vicia sativa L.) e Nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), e os consórcios (A+E e A+E+N) e testemunha roçada a cada 15 dias. Após 110 dias de cultivo das plantas de cobertura, foi realizado o plantio da mandioca. Amostras de solo foram coletadas no momento do plantio da mandioca, e suas raízes coletadas aos 33 e 110 dias após o plantio. As avaliações compreenderam em quantificar o total de esporos de FMA; potencial de inoculo micorrizico (NMP); colonização radicular da mandioca; estrutura de comunidades de FMA por PCR-DGGE; P em tecido vegetal; estande e rendimento. O tratamento com aveia apresentou aumento no número de esporos em relação aos demais, já o tratamento A+E+N, apresentou o NMP seis vezes superior ao tratamento com ervilhaca. A colonização micorrízica da mandioca foi alta nos 33 DAP, obtendo diferença estatística nos tratamentos com Aveia e A+E. Na avaliação da estrutura de comunidades de FMA em raízes de mandioca, pode-se observar um aumento da similaridade dos tratamentos consorciados, e evidenciando agrupamentos no tempo 33 e 110 DAP. Contudo, a estrutura de comunidades de FMA no solo teve um comportamento heterogêneo e não responsivo aos tratamentos. As variáveis, estande, teor de P no tecido vegetal e rendimento não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos de plantas de cobertura. Embora os parâmetros de rendimento, estande e teor de P no tecido vegetal, bem como a estrutura de comunidade de FMA, não tenham apresentado diferenças entre os tratamentos, outros parâmetros como potencial de inoculo e taxa de colonização de FMA, demonstraram resposta positiva das plantas de cobertura no aumento da eficiência da simbiose de FMA com raízes de mandioca. A variável tempo foi a mais relevante no aumento da similaridade da estrutura de comunidades fúngicas presentes nas raízes de mandioca, evidenciando que um ciclo de cultivo das plantas de cobertura no cultivo da mandioca, pode não ser suficiente para obter resposta significativa nas variáveis P no tecido vegetal e no rendimento da cultura.Abstract : Cassava is an important food source, espcially in developing countries, to be grown in small areas and in soils with low nutrient availability. This species has a close relationship with mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which extend the length of the roots by the projection of their hyphae, which favors the absorption of nutrients from the soil. In cassava soil preparation affects the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, in addition, the use of different plant species cover influence fungal communities of the soil. In addition, the morphology of cassava roots with large diameter and shoots that generates little ground cover, may adversely affect soil conservation. These characteristics directly affect the establishment and development of culture, thus affecting the production of roots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of cover crops on the occurrence and structure of AMF communities and their contribution to the culture of cassava. For that was conducted at the experimental station of the city of EPAGRI Urussanga-SC, in a field experiment in a randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications. The treatments correspond to the cultivation of cover crops: oats (Avena sativa L.), vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L.), and consortia (A + E and A + E + N) and witness mowing every 15 days. After 110 days of cultivation of cover crops, planting cassava was conducted. Soil samples were collected at planting cassava and roots collected at 33 and 110 days after planting. The evaluations to quantify the total AMF spore; mycorrhizal inoculum potential (NMP); root colonization; structure of AMF communities by PCR-DGGE; P in shoots; stands and yields. Treatment with oats showed an increase in the number of spores in relation to other, longer treatment A + E + N, NMP presented six times more than the treatment vetch. The mycorrhizal colonization of cassava was high at 33 DAP, giving a statistical difference in the treatments with oats and A + E. In the evaluation of the structure of AMF communities in roots of cassava, one can observe an increase in the similarity of intercropping treatments and reveal clusters in time 33 and 110 DAP. However, the structure of AMF communities in soil had a heterogeneous behavior and not responsive to treatment. Variables, booth P concentration in shoots and yield did not differ among treatments of cover crops. Although the performance parameters, stand and P content in plant tissue, and the structure of the FMA community, have not presented differences between treatments, other parameters such as potential inoculum and colonization rate of AMF, showed positive response of plants coverage on increasing the efficiency of the symbiosis with AMF cassava roots. The variable was the most important in increasing the similarity of the structure of fungal communities present in cassava roots, showing that a cycle of growing cover crops in cassava cultivation, may not be sufficient to obtain a significant response in the tissue P variables vegetable and crop yield

Phosphorus fractions in apple orchards in southern Brazil

Phosphorus (P) applications at dosages higher than the necessary may cause P buildup in the soil labile fractions and, consequently, pollution of water sources. This study aimed to assess accumulation of P fractions as well as the parameters of adsorption isotherms in soil profiles having a history of application of phosphate fertilizers and cultivated with apple trees. Soil samples were collected from an area with no history of cultivation and 2 apple orchards cultivated for 8 (P8) and 18 (P18) years, in the city of Urubici, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Soil samples were air dried, sieved in a 2-mm mesh, and subjected to chemical analyses (P adsorption) besides P chemical fractionation. Applications of phosphate fertilizers to the orchards, particularly P18, increased the inorganic and organic concentrations of P in all fractions. The distribution of P in organic and inorganic forms in the planted soils was similar to the distribution observed for the native vegetation soil. The highest inorganic labile P fraction, the lowest maximum P adsorption capacity, and the highest equilibrium concentration values at P18 are indicators of a higher environmental pollution risk of the orchards soils compared to the native soil

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de mamona classificadas por tamanho

O tamanho da semente, em muitas espécies, pode ser um indicativo de sua qualidade fisiológica. O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de mamona classificadas por tamanho. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Pesquisa de Sementes do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e foram utilizadas sementes de quatro cultivares de mamona, IAC 226, IAC 80, Al Guarany 2002 e BRS 188 Paraguaçu, oriundas de todos os racemos da planta. As sementes foram classificadas em três peneiras, segundo a cultivar e foram avaliadas por meio dos testes de primeira contagem de germinação, germinação final, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento de plântula, sistema radicular e parte aérea, massa de matéria fresca e massa de matéria seca. Nas cultivares IAC 226 e BRS 188 Paraguaçu há tendência de as sementes menores apresentarem maior velocidade e porcentagem final de germinação, porém não para as cultivares IAC 80 e Al Guarany 2002.Seed size in many species may be an indication of their physiological quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological performance of castor bean seeds sorted by size. The experiment was conducted at the Seed Research Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science at the Federal University of Viçosa. Seeds of four castor bean cultivars, IAC 226, IAC 80, Al Guarany 2002 and BRS 188 Paraguaçu were used. The seeds were harvested from all the plant racemes and classified into three different seed sizes for each cultivar. Tests were conducted to evaluate germination and vigor: germination at the 4th day, germination at the 7th day, accelerated ageing, seedling length of roots and shoots and fresh and dry weights of the seedlings. Based on the results for IAC 226 and BRS 188 Paraguaçu there is a tendency for smaller seeds to show higher speeds and final percentage of germination but this was not the case for the IAC and 80 Al Guarany 2002

Occurrence and Structure of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Cassava after Cultivation of Cover Crops as Observed by the “PCR-DGGE” Technique

ABSTRACT Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a highly mycotrophic crop, and prior soil cover may affect the density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs), as well as the composition of the AMFs community in the soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and the structure of AMFs communities in cassava grown after different cover crops, and the effect of the cover crop on mineral nutrition and cassava yield under an organic farming system. The occurrence and structure of the AMFs community was evaluated through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. Six different cover crop management systems before cassava were evaluated: black oats, vetch, oilseed radish, intercropped oats + vetch, intercropped oats + vetch + oilseed radish, plus a control (fallow) treatment mowed every 15 days. Oats as a single crop or oats intercropped with vetch or with oilseed radish increased AMFs inoculum potential in soil with a low number of propagules, thus benefiting mycorrhizal colonization of cassava root. The treatments did not affect the structure of AMFs communities in the soil since the AMFs communities were similar in cassava roots in succession to different cover crops. AMFs colonization was high despite high P availability in the soil. The cassava crop yield was above the regional average, and P levels in the leaves were adequate, regardless of which cover crop treatments were used. One cover crop cycle prior to the cassava crop was not enough to observe a significant response in variables, P in plant tissue, crop yield, and occurrence and structure of AMFs communities in the soil. In the cassava roots in succession, the plant developmental stage affected the groupings of the structure of the AMF community

Phosphorus fractions in apple orchards in southern Brazil

Phosphorus (P) applications at dosages higher than the necessary may cause P buildup in the soil labile fractions and, consequently, pollution of water sources. This study aimed to assess accumulation of P fractions as well as the parameters of adsorption isotherms in soil profiles having a history of application of phosphate fertilizers and cultivated with apple trees. Soil samples were collected from an area with no history of cultivation and 2 apple orchards cultivated for 8 (P8) and 18 (P18) years, in the city of Urubici, Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Soil samples were air dried, sieved in a 2-mm mesh, and subjected to chemical analyses (P adsorption) besides P chemical fractionation. Applications of phosphate fertilizers to the orchards, particularly P18, increased the inorganic and organic concentrations of P in all fractions. The distribution of P in organic and inorganic forms in the planted soils was similar to the distribution observed for the native vegetation soil. The highest inorganic labile P fraction, the lowest maximum P adsorption capacity, and the highest equilibrium concentration values at P18 are indicators of a higher environmental pollution risk of the orchards soils compared to the native soil