التاثيرات الطبية لتفاعلات الاشعة

Radiation is naturally present in our environment and exist since the birth of this planet. It comes from outer space (cosmic), the ground (terrestrial), and even from within our own bodies. It is present in the air we breathe, the food we eat, the water we drink, and in the construction materials used to build our homes. low doses – less than 10,000 mrem (100 mSv) – spread out over long periods of time (years) don't cause an immediate problem to any body organ. The effects of low doses of radiation, if any, would occur at the cell level, and thus changes may not be observed for many years (usually 5-20 years) after exposure. Although radiation may cause cancers at high doses and high dose rates, currently there are no data to establish unequivocally the occurrence of cancer following exposure to low doses and dose rates – below about 10,000 mrem (100 mSv). In this work we studied interaction of different radiations types with matter; we calculated the stopping power (in MeV cm2/g) from the theory of Bethe-Bloch formula as giving in the reference [15] , also Range and doses will be calculated. This has been done for different target materials in biological human body substances such as water, bone, muscle and tissue and different energies of the ions and electrons. All these calculations were done using different programs; SRIM , STAR and Matlab, the results will be shown for Range Vs energy, and stopping power vs energy at the last chapter. The stopping power in some biological compounds for electrons was calculated over the energy range from (10-2MeV to 103 MeV). Total stopping power was obtained by summing the electronic (collisional) and radiative stopping power of the target materials, and then employing the continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) to calculate the path length (Range). The total stopping power is proportional to Z2 ,Z/A and I, increases rapidly at low energies, reaches a maximum and decreases gradually with increasing energy. Finally doses also calculated using Monte Carlo simulation techniques , VMS, these photons, in the form of gamma rays or X-rays, have enough energy to cause ionization in the human body, and can therefore cause a radiation dose, some results for dose calculation will be shown for different cases using the VMS code

Preparation and Characterization of Modified Silica-Epoxy Hybrid Ceramic Coatings

Hybrid sol-gel processing of inorganic-organic nanocomposites has been of a great interest over the last decades for being advantageous compared to the conventional addition methods of nanoparticles. In this study, a three-component system was adopted experiencing the design and preparation of different hybrid ceramic coatings based on Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (Epoxy) and 3-Glycidyloxypropyl trimethyloxysilane (GLYMO) by sol-gel technique. The obtained hybrid coatings were cured using different hardeners, Diethylene triamine (DETA) as an organic linker and 3-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) as an inorganic/organic linker. Microstructure assessment and the morphology of the prepared hybrids was investigated using FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Mechanical properties (adhesion, and hardness) were determined. The degree of hydrophilicity of the hybrids was assigned depending on the contact angle measurements. Moreover, the thermal properties were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the silica content plays an important role in determining the morphology as well as the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of the coatings. The results showed an improvement in most of the properties of the hybrid coatings with increasing the silica content up to a certain extent. However, further increase in the silica content, leads to a clear deterioration

Preparation and Characterization of Modified Silica-Epoxy Hybrid Ceramic Coatings

Hybrid sol-gel processing of inorganic-organic nanocomposites has been of a great interest over the last decades for being advantageous compared to the conventional addition methods of nanoparticles. In this study, a three-component system was adopted experiencing the design and preparation of different hybrid ceramic coatings based on Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A (Epoxy) and 3-Glycidyloxypropyl trimethyloxysilane (GLYMO) by sol-gel technique. The obtained hybrid coatings were cured using different hardeners, Diethylene triamine (DETA) as an organic linker and 3-Aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) as an inorganic/organic linker. Microstructure assessment and the morphology of the prepared hybrids was investigated using FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Mechanical properties (adhesion, and hardness) were determined. The degree of hydrophilicity of the hybrids was assigned depending on the contact angle measurements. Moreover, the thermal properties were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the silica content plays an important role in determining the morphology as well as the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of the coatings. The results showed an improvement in most of the properties of the hybrid coatings with increasing the silica content up to a certain extent. However, further increase in the silica content, leads to a clear deterioration

Bipolar plasma kinetic enucleation of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Initial experience with a novel technique

Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of bipolar plasma kinetic energy for en bloc enucleation of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Patients and methods: In all, 46 patients diagnosed with suspected NMIBC were included. All patients were diagnosed using ultrasonography, computed tomography, and diagnostic cystoscopy, and then underwent bipolar plasma kinetic enucleation of bladder tumour (PKEBT). At the end of the procedure, all patients had a single-dose (40 mg in 40 mL saline) intravesical installation of mitomycin C (<6 h after bipolar PKEBT). Follow-up diagnostic cystoscopy was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results: The mean (SD) enucleation time was 17 (5.4) min, operative time was 27.9 (11.4) min, haemoglobin drop was 1.3 (0.9) g/dL, postoperative irrigation time was 1.7 (2.3) h, and hospital stay was 35.4 (13) h. There was intraoperative bleeding in three patients, with one requiring blood transfusion. There were no other perioperative complications. At the 1-month follow-up, six (13%) patients were diagnosed with residual tumour and underwent repeat bipolar PKEBT. The overall recurrence rate at 12 monthsâ follow-up was 15.2%. Conclusion: Bipolar PKEBT is an effective procedure for managing NMIBC, as it preserves the entire lamina propria and detrusor muscle in well-intact specimens, with negligible perioperative complications. Keywords: NMIBC, non-invasive muscle bladder cancer, PKEBT, plasma kinetic enucleation of bladder tumour, TUR, transurethral resectio

[1] Ejaculation-preserving transurethral bipolar prostatectomy: Enucleation vs resection

Objective: To assess the feasibility and safety of a novel ejaculation-preserving transurethral bipolar resection of prostate (ep-TUBRP) and compare the resection technique to the enucleation technique. Methods: After obtaining local ethics approval, 100 consecutive patients with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) and normal sexual activity were enrolled from June 2015 to June 2016. These patients were selectively randomised into two groups; 50 patients in each group. Group 1 underwent ejaculation-preserving transurethral bipolar enucleation of prostate (ep-TUBEP) and Group 2 underwent ep-TUBRP. All patients were evaluated pre- and postoperatively using the maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax); post-void residual urine volume (PVR); International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS); and the five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), including two additional questions evaluating ejaculation and orgasm. All patients were followed-up at 1, 3, and 6 months. Results: Overall, 100, 98 and 97 patients were evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively. All preoperative parameters such as age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, Qmax, PVR, IPSS, and IIEF-5 were comparable between the two groups (all P>0.05). At the 1-month follow-up, antegrade ejaculation was preserved in 88 of 100 (88%) (45 patients in Group 1 and 43 in Group 2). In addition, there were significant improvements in Qmax [from a mean (SD) of 6.54 (1.72) mL/s to 15.38 (3.02) mL/s], PVR [from a mean (SD) of 94.4 (41.85) mL to 25.04 (32.72) mL], and IPSS [from a mean (SD) of 21.7 (6.6) to 11.72 (2.39)] compared with the preoperative measurements. Moreover, these improvements were maintained at the 3- and 6-month follow-up visits (all P<0.001). No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Ejaculation-preserving transurethral bipolar prostatectomy seems safe and effective for preservation of antegrade ejaculation with either the resection or the enucleation technique