A Brief Encounter with Linear Codes

While studying irreducible polynomials and fields our abstract algebra professor briefly mentioned that they play a role in error correcting and detecting codes. It was this comment that fostered the idea of further study on this topic. It would give us the opportunity to to apply some abstract concepts to the physical realm. The information contained herein is from researching the topic. Most of the material relies upon matrices and polynomials. While it is brief in nature it does lay a simple foundation of the some basic concepts of linear block blocks along with a subset known as cyclic codes. These cyclic codes have a great deal of structure and we further bring the abstract into the physical world by showing how cyclic codes can be implemented in hardware. The information here is just the tip of iceberg so there is so much more!

Is Participation in Competitive Sport during Older Adulthood Associated with Greater Life Satisfaction?

Based on previous work in the area arguing that the benefits accompanying competitive sport surpass those gained from exercise and physical activity alone (Dionigi, Baker, & Horton, 2011;Gayman, Fraser-Thomas, Dionigi, Horton, & Baker, in press), the following study explored the hypothesis that participation in competitive sport during older adulthood would be associated with greater levels of life satisfaction when compared to moderately active and sedentary age-matched peers. Measures of life satisfaction were evaluated in Canadian masters athletes aged 50 years and above and compared to normative data obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey cycle 4.1. Results indicated that masters athletes did not report greater levels of life satisfaction for any of the outcomes measured. Cumulatively, the results of this study challenge the position that competitive sport is a valuable tool for enhancing life satisfaction during older adulthood

Implementation of Insecticide-Treated Malaria Bed Nets in Tanzania: A Systematic Review.

Background Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic burden among the Tanzanian population. An effective form of personal protection against malaria is the insecticide-treated bed net (ITN). Although Tanzania has made great efforts to implement ITNs in the general population, gaps in use, access, coverage, and ownership remain. We conducted a systematic review of the available data on the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of ITNs in Tanzania. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in four databases: OVID Medline, OVID Embase, EBSCO CINAHL, and Web of Science. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to present the review and analysis. Eligible studies were appraised to determine the quality of evidence. Various content data were extracted, including study locations, years of publication, study objectives, and barriers and facilitators to ITNs. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) facilitated a thematic analysis of the barriers and facilitators. Results Seven mixed-methods and three qualitative studies met this review’s inclusion criteria. Seven regions and ten districts within Tanzania were represented in this review, most notably the Morogoro region and its respective districts, Kilombero and Ulanga. Study dates ranged from 1995 to 2020. Facilitators of ITN implementation included cost, voucher schemes, involving locals, planning for distribution, and social marketing and communication campaigns. Similarly, barriers to ITN implementation included cost, knowledge and beliefs, a poorly developed private sector, and inadequate distribution methods. Conclusions A systematic review of studies on the implementation of ITNs in Tanzania highlights vital areas in the development of successful implementation that include: (i) the cost of ITNs, (ii) knowledge and beliefs about ITNs among potential users, and (iii) planning for the execution of ITN distribution programs. ITN implementation can be enhanced if national stakeholders invest further in processes that promote ITN procurement, such as voucher schemes, providing education sessions, integrating distribution methods that cater to locals’ preferences, and initiating the promotion of ITN months in advance of their distribution

Barriers and facilitators to implementation of oral rehydration therapy in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is an effective and cheap treatment for diarrheal disease; globally, one of the leading causes of death in children under five. The World Health Organization launched a global campaign to improve ORT coverage in 1978, with activities such as educational campaigns, training health workers and the creation of designate programming. Despite these efforts, ORT coverage remains relatively low. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of oral rehydration therapy in low and middle-income countries. METHODS: A comprehensive search strategy comprised of relevant subject headings and keywords was executed in 5 databases including OVID Medline, OVID Embase, OVID HealthStar, Web of Science and Scopus. Eligible studies underwent quality assessment, and a directed content analysis approach to data extraction was conducted and aligned to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to facilitate narrative synthesis. RESULTS: The search identified 1570 citations and following removal of duplicates as well as screening according to our inclusion/exclusion criteria, 55 articles were eligible for inclusion in the review. Twenty-three countries were represented in this review, with India, Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa having the most representation of available studies. Study dates ranged from 1981 to 2020. Overarching thematic areas spanning the barriers and facilitators that were identified included: availability and accessibility, knowledge, partnership engagement, and design and acceptability. CONCLUSION: A systematic review of studies on implementation of ORT in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) highlights key activities that facilitate the development of successful implementation that include: (1) availability and accessibility of ORT, (2) awareness and education among communities, (3) strong partnership engagement strategies, and (4) adaptable design to enhance acceptability. The barriers and facilitators identified under the CIFR domains can be used to build knowledge on how to adapt ORT to national and local settings and contribute to a better understanding on the implementation and use of ORT in LMICs. The prospects for scaling and sustaining ORT (after years of low use) will increase if implementation research informs local applications, and implementers engage appropriate stakeholders and test assumptions around localized theories of change from interventions to expected outcomes. REGISTRATION: A protocol for this systematic review was developed and uploaded onto the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews database (Registration number: CRD420201695)

Script and identity: Arab intellectual perspectives on the Turkish alphabet reform

The passage of Turkey's landmark 1928 alphabet law, which replaced the Arabic-based Ottoman script with a Latin-based alphabet for writing Turkish, has been widely studied in terms of modernization and its implications for Turkish identity. However, there is a lack of scholarship regarding the significance of the Turkish script reform for Arab audiences. This thesis contributes to addressing the dearth in the literature by examining Arab intellectual perspectives on the Turkish script reform using influential Arabic sources contemporaneous with Turkey's passage of the alphabet law. The thesis makes two main assertions: first, that Arab observers at the time were deeply concerned with and closely followed developments on Turkey's alphabet change; and second, that the Turkish alphabet reform served as a framework within which these observers evaluated and renegotiated their own identities, and in the process, connected with or distanced themselves and their communities from Turkey. Highlighting the diverse ways in which Arab intellectuals understood the Turkish reform and discussed its pertinence to modernization in their own societies, this study examines religion-based approaches, as well as Arab and Egyptian nationalist and socialist perspectives. These works are valuable sites for exploring the Arab-Turkish relationship within the context of language, which contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the various components of this relationship, and how it has been shaped and reshaped over time

Studies on the interaction between ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium

Purpose: To study the interaction between ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Cipro) and diclofenac sodium (DS) in the presence and absence of metal ions.Methods: Complexes were prepared in the aqueous phase at different molar ratios (r) of Cipro:DS (ranged from 0.2 – 2.0). The complexes were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their properties, i.e., solubility, dissolution and partition coefficient (log P), were studied along with their permeability across Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of Cipro and its complexes was determined using standard broth dilution method and expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).Results: Cipro formed an ion pair with DS. The product was confirmed to be a combination of the two drugs, DS and Cipro, but in a ratio that is dependent on the added amounts of each component (r = 1:1 or 1:2). The 1:1 product was more lipophilic than the individual components leading to a lower aqueous solubility and a higher octanol/water partition coefficient log P (6.7 vs. 0.77). The presence of DS within the dissolution medium appeared to modify the dissolution of Cipro depending on the concentration. Moreover, ternary complexes involving Cipro, DS and metal ions (iron and/or calcium) exhibited improved antimicrobial effect (MIC, 0.016 μg/ml compared to 0.258 μg/ml for Cipro). Caco-2 cell permeation data indicate that the presence of DS significantly improved the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of Cipro (20.6 × 10-6 cm/s) which was three times higher than that of free Cipro (p < 0.05). DS also appeared to counteract the well-known negative effect of metal ions on the bioavailability of Cipro.Conclusion: There is a clinically relevant interaction between DS and Cipro at the absorption level as a result of ion pair formation, which might even counteract the negative effect of metals on the absorption of Cipro. These findings should aid the design of new Cipro ion pairs that provide higher bioavailability than free Cipro.Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, Diclofenac, Interaction, Ion pair, Permeability coefficient, Bioavailability, Absorptio

A syntactic study of British English press headlines.

This thesis presents a Syntactic description of the language of English Press headlines. It is divided into three parts which are preceded by a table of contents, a preface, a list of abbreviations, some notes on the methodology of research and system of notation; and are followed by a bibliography. Part One, which consists of two chapters, presents the theoretical background of both the earlier approaches to the subject (Chapter I) and the grammatical technique employed here (Chapter II). Part Two comprises three chapters, the first of which (Chapter III) presents the various types of headlines, the second (Chapter IV) relates the structure of Headlinese to that, of the Norm, and the third (Chapter V) discusses the issues resulting from the application of Case Grammar to headlines. Part Three which constitutes the major part of the thesis presents us with a detailed analysis of the main types of headlines: the Verbal Multinodal (Chapter VI), the Nominal Multinodal (Chapter VII), and the Uninodal Type (Chapter VIII), and relates their' deep structure to their surface sequential order, through the use of' 'patterning'. Each chapter is preceded by a table of contents listing its constituent sections

Antiplasmodial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Sudanese Folk-medicine

Ten plants indigenous to Sudan and of common use in Sudanese folk-medicine, were examined in vitro for antimalarial activity against schizonts maturation of Plasmodium falciparum, the major human malaria parasite. All plant samples displayed various antiplasmodial activity. Three plant extracts caused 100% inhibition of the parasite growth at concentrations of plant material ≤ 500 ug/ml. The two most active extracts that produced 100% inhibition of the parasite growth at concentration of plant material ≤ 50 μg/ml were obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa and the whole plant of Aristolochia bracteolata. The ten plants were phytochemically screened for their active constituents. The two most active plants showed the presence of sterols, alkaloids and tannins