4 research outputs found

    Oxidation and unzipping in ELIUM resin: Kinetic model for mass loss

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    This paper gives a first study of the thermal and thermal oxidative ageing of ELIUMŸ resins. Chain ends unzipping was observed to be the main degradation mechanism under nitrogen whereas an oxidation mechanism with random chain scissions is shown to predominate in presence of oxygen. A first simplified kinetic model is proposed and fits experimental results for thin films at temperatures ranging from 230 to 310°C under oxygen or nitrogen

    Temperature dependence of the electrochemical behavior of the 690 Ni-base alloy between 25 and 325 °C

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    International audienceThe electrochemical behavior and the chemical composition of passive films formed on the Alloy 690 at room temperature in borate buffer solution (pH = 9.0) was studied with different techniques for two surface finishings. XPS and quantum yield measurements showed the presence of Ni and Cr oxides and hydroxides for passive films formed on both the as received and the mechanically polished one, whereas the presence of mixed spinel type Ni (1-x) Fe x Cr 2 O 4 was only observed on the as received material. Additionally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) highlighted a higher corrosion resistance for the as received alloy in comparison with the mechanically polished alloy, which was linked to the chemical composition of the oxide film. Electrochemical measurements were performed before, during, and after oxidation of the Alloy 690 of Steam Generator (SG) tube of Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) at high temperature and high pressure in the simulated primary circuit of PWR. At high temperature, the interface becomes electrochemically active yielding the precipitation of the corrosion products which form a few tens of nm thick diffusion barrier for the released metal cations. This overlayer is built on the top of a few nm thick, Cr rich inner layer at the alloy/oxide interface which was found to behave similarly to that initially formed at ambient temperature. It is concluded that high temperature oxidation in the static condition of an autoclave at 325°C does not promote a better passivation state than the one already existing initially

    Recherche d'une corrélation entre caractéristiques électrochimiques et relùchement en nickel de l'alliage 690 en milieu primaire d'un Réacteur à Eau Pressurisée

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    One of the biggest challenges for Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) technology consists in reducing the dosimetry received by the personnel operating around nuclear power plants. On a more specific level, this requires limiting the formation of radionuclides, such as Co-58, responsible for 80% of dose rates around the primary circuit of PWR. Co-58 is generated by the release of Ni from the Steam Generator tubes (SG) and its activation in the primary fluid while passing by the reactor core. The aim of this study is to bring new insight to the understanding of the Ni release phenomena from a study mainly based on the investigation of electrochemical response of native passive films of SG tubes formed at room temperature.Passive films formed on SG industrial tubes with different surface states were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and by XPS, NRA, SEM, and quantum yield measurements. A model of the chemical composition and electronic structure of the oxide film according to the surface finishing was proposed. Corrosion tests at high temperature (325 °C) and high pressure (140 bars) were carried out with an in situ characterization of the electrochemical behavior of the tubes during the oxidation by impedance measurements and Ni release measurements. The ex situ electrochemical and photoelectrochemical characterization of the oxide films formed at high temperature leads to the determination of the parameter that can directly be linked with the tubes behavior in terms of Ni release within PWR primary circuit.Les forts enjeux de rĂ©duction de la dosimĂ©trie du personnel intervenant dans le bĂątiment rĂ©acteur des centrales nuclĂ©aires nĂ©cessitent de limiter la formation des radionuclĂ©ides tels que le Co-58, responsable de 80% des dĂ©bits de dose autour du circuit primaire d’un RĂ©acteur Ă  Eau PressurisĂ©e (REP). Le Co-58 est gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© par le relĂąchement du Ni depuis les tubes de gĂ©nĂ©rateur de vapeur (GV) et activĂ© par passage dans la cuve du rĂ©acteur via le circuit primaire. L’objectif de ces travaux est de comprendre les phĂ©nomĂšnes de relĂąchement en Ni Ă  partir d’une Ă©tude de caractĂ©risation des films passifs natifs des tubes GV Ă  tempĂ©rature ambiante.Dans un premier temps, des tubes industriels avec diffĂ©rents Ă©tats de surface ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s par spectroscopie d’impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique (SIE). Les films passifs ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s par XPS, NRA, MEB, et par des mesures de rendement quantique. Un modĂšle de composition chimique et de structure Ă©lectronique de la couche d’oxydes en fonction de l’état de surface Ă©tudiĂ© est proposĂ©. Des essais Ă  haute tempĂ©rature (325°C) et haute pression (140 bars) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s avec une caractĂ©risation in situ du comportement des tubes lors de l’oxydation par des mesures d’impĂ©dance et des mesures de relĂąchement en Ni. La caractĂ©risation ex situ Ă©lectrochimique et photoĂ©lectrochmique de ces couches d’oxydes a permis de dĂ©terminer les paramĂštres directement liĂ©s au comportement des tubes vis-Ă -vis du relĂąchement en milieu primaire

    Investigation of the relationship between electrochemical properties and Ni-release of Ni-base alloy 690 in Pressurized Water Reactor primary water

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    Les forts enjeux de rĂ©duction de la dosimĂ©trie du personnel intervenant dans le bĂątiment rĂ©acteur des centrales nuclĂ©aires nĂ©cessitent de limiter la formation des radionuclĂ©ides tels que le Co-58, responsable de 80% des dĂ©bits de dose autour du circuit primaire d’un RĂ©acteur Ă  Eau PressurisĂ©e (REP). Le Co-58 est gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© par le relĂąchement du Ni depuis les tubes de gĂ©nĂ©rateur de vapeur (GV) et activĂ© par passage dans la cuve du rĂ©acteur via le circuit primaire. L’objectif de ces travaux est de comprendre les phĂ©nomĂšnes de relĂąchement en Ni Ă  partir d’une Ă©tude de caractĂ©risation des films passifs natifs des tubes GV Ă  tempĂ©rature ambiante. Dans un premier temps, des tubes industriels avec diffĂ©rents Ă©tats de surface ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s par spectroscopie d’impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique (SIE). Les films passifs ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s par XPS, NRA, MEB, et par des mesures de rendement quantique. Un modĂšle de composition chimique et de structure Ă©lectronique de la couche d’oxydes en fonction de l’état de surface Ă©tudiĂ© est proposĂ©. Des essais Ă  haute tempĂ©rature (325°C) et haute pression (140 bars) ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s avec une caractĂ©risation in situ du comportement des tubes lors de l’oxydation par des mesures d’impĂ©dance et des mesures de relĂąchement en Ni. La caractĂ©risation ex situ Ă©lectrochimique et photoĂ©lectrochimique de ces couches d’oxydes a permis de dĂ©terminer les paramĂštres directement liĂ©s au comportement des tubes vis-Ă -vis du relĂąchement en milieu primaire. Recherche d’une corrĂ©lation entre caractĂ©ristiques Ă©lectrochimiques et relĂąchement en nickel de l’alliage 690 en milieu primaire d’un rĂ©acteur Ă  eau pressurisĂ©e.One of the biggest challenges for Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) technology consists in reducing the dosimetry received by the personnel operating around nuclear power plants. On a more specific level, this requires limiting the formation of radionuclides, such as Co-58, responsible for 80% of dose rates around the primary circuit of PWR. Co-58 is generated by the release of Ni from the Steam Generator tubes (SG) and its activation in the primary fluid while passing by the reactor core. The aim of this study is to bring new insight to the understanding of the Ni release phenomena from a study mainly based on the investigation of electrochemical response of native passive films of SG tubes formed at room temperature. Passive films formed on SG industrial tubes with different surface states were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and by XPS, NRA, SEM, and quantum yield measurements. A model of the chemical composition and electronic structure of the oxide film according to the surface finishing was proposed. Corrosion tests at high temperature (325 °C) and high pressure (140 bars) were carried out with an in situ characterization of the electrochemical behavior of the tubes during the oxidation by impedance measurements and Ni release measurements. The ex situ electrochemical and photoelectrochemical characterization of the oxide films formed at high temperature leads to the determination of the parameter that can directly be linked with the tubes behavior in terms of Ni release within PWR primary circuit
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