Effets économiques et comportement des ménages : Revue de littérature

La relation matrimoniale reste toujours fragile sous certaines contraintes quotidiennes, parmi lesquelles figurent le revenu d’activité, l’investissement en capital spécifique du mariage, le degré de spécialisation des taches, l’offre de travail, le chômage et autres effets et circonstances économiques ... Avec le temps, dans une relation de mariage, chaque couple essaye de son coté de rendre sa vie conjugale plus solide afin de garantir la continuité conjugale dans un climat très favorable. Malgré le degré de consolidation atteint d’une relation conjugale, elle peut être affectée à chaque moment par des facteurs socioéconomiques qui poussent le couple à rompre la dite relation. Si le gain d’être seul dépasse celui d’être en couple, l’intéressé va demander le divorce immédiatement. Ce qui incite les individus à supporter des coûts directs et indirects lors de la rupture de la relation conjugale. Notre analyse consiste à identifier, éclaircir et discuter le problème qui s’articule au niveau de plusieurs facteurs qui peuvent affecter la vie conjugale au niveau microéconomique et au niveau macroéconomique

Occurrence of Hypothyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus, and Celiac Disease in Emirati Children with Down’s Syndrome

Objectives: Autoimmune diseases are known to occur in people with Down’s syndrome (DS), especially celiac disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypothyroidism. Since there are common genetic risk factors involved in the occurrence of these autoimmune disorders, the risks would differ in different populations. We sought to determine the prevalence of type 1 DM, celiac disease, and hypothyroidism in Emirati patients with DS in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Methods: Ninety-two patients with DS were investigated for the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies, antithyroglobulin, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies for hypothyroidism, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies for type 1 DM, and anti-tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A antibodies for celiac disease. Results: Karyotyping was performed on 89 patients. Eighty-seven had non-disjunction of chromosome 21 (97.8%), one was a mosaic, and one had translocation. Of the patients studied, 19.6% had hypothyroidism, 4.3% had type 1 DM, and 1.1% had celiac disease. Out of the 92 patients studied, 66 (71.7%) did not have any autoimmune disease, 25 (27.2%) had one autoimmune disease, and one (1.1%) had two autoimmune diseases. Conclusions: Celiac disease was the least prevalent autoimmune disease in patients with DS patients, while type 1 DM and hypothyroidism were both significantly associated with DS

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Effects of temperature and growth stage on the reaction of some wheats to brown rust attack

Relatively little work has been done in this Country on Puccinia recondite. The present study was undertaken to provide a better understanding of the behaviour of brown rust, on winter wheat cultivars in this Country. Brown rust has numerous stages in its developments many of these had previously been studied, but some gaps remained which needed further investigation. Germination, appressorium formation and penetration on these three different rust isolates 74/2, 74/11, and 76/28 on nine winter wheat cultivars, Maris Ranger, Maris Huntsman, Maris Fundin, Kinsman, Sportsman, Armada, Flanders, Waggoner and Hobbit at 10, 15 and 2cPC at 24 and 48 hours incubation at 100% RH, on the second, fifth and flag leaves were studied. The results showed that germination, appressorium formation and penetration levels rate low at 10°C and increased with an increase in temperature and incubation period. At around the optimum 20 C, the processes were complete in 24h and increasing the incubation periot had little effect. There were some significant differences between the effect of isolates on different cultivars, and between the cultivars in their response to the germination, appressorium formation and penetration of different rust isolates, but this was not related to the resistance and susceptibility of these cultivars to the rust isolates at different temperatures and different growth stages. Resistance and susceptibility were however, related to various stages in the past-entry development of the rust. Latent period seemed to be highly affected by temperature, rust isolate, host cultivar and growth stage. Reaction type on cultivars resistant as adult plants was different from that on fully susceptible ones.Resistant cultivars had significantly smaller colonies, shorter lengths of mycelium and fewer haustoria than susceptible ones. The level and type of resistance was affected by temperature, rust isolate and growth stage. Spore production was influenced by temperature with an optimum around 20° C, and was affected by rust isolate, cultivar and growth stage. In the seedling stage resistant cultivars generally produced fewer spores, smaller pustules, a smaller percentage leaf area affected, fewer pustules per leaf and per cm and fewer spores per cm than susceptible cultivars. At the adult plant stage, resistant cultivars in general produced fewer spores, had a smaller percentage leaf area affected, fewer pustules per leaf and per =2=d fewer spores per cm than susceptible ones, but as they posess the -1-,l; plant reaction type they produced large pustules and large number of sporesper pustule. Colony size, mycelium length and haustoria number were shown to be highly correlated with each other in resistant cultivars, although the correlation was weaker for susceptible cultivars. It was also showed that the correlation between these three stages and the spore production, was in general higher in resistant cultivars than that in susceptible ones.</p