Internacionalização via doutorado sanduíche

No Brasil, a produção científica é majoritariamente realizada pela pós-graduação. A internacionalização enquanto quarto pilar da universidade incentiva a cooperação internacional e programas para alunos passarem um período realizando estágio no exterior. O presente relato de experiência tem como objetivo relatar um estágio de doutorado realizado na Washington University in Saint Louis, focando nas atividades de pesquisa, ensino e extensão. Como método, foi utilizada a análise descritiva da experiência no período de março a agosto de 2017. Como resultado, observou-se: mais oportunidades de discussão da pesquisa de forma interdisciplinar, quantidade de recursos investidos para pesquisa e a dinâmica entre Professores Titulares e as atividades de ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Espera-se que o presente relato possa esclarecer e incentivar mais pesquisadores brasileiros a participarem deste tipo de programa de estágio no exterior que possibilita tanto a vivência e aprendizado cultural quanto o crescimento acadêmico, bem como incentivar a adoção de práticas similares em nossas Universidades

Oral Factors as Predictors of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Prospective Cohort Study

The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to identify predictors for frailty among possible oral factors in community-dwelling older people. Ninety-seven participants (>= 60 years old) without frailty at baseline were included and assigned to either the robust or the frailty group after 2-year follow-up. The frailty was defined using the Japan Cardiovascular Health Study index. The numbers of present and functional teeth and periodontal disease severity were recorded. Bacterial counts on the dorsum of the tongue, oral moisture, tongue pressure, occlusal force, masticatory ability, and the oral diadochokinesis (ODK) rate were measured. Swallowing function, along with psychosocial status, relationships with communities and people, nutritional status, medical history, and comorbidities were evaluated using a questionnaire. The newly identified frailty group at follow-up showed significantly lower values in the number of teeth present, ODK/ta/sound and ODK/ka/sound rates, and clinical attachment level at baseline compared to the robust group. A logistic regression model showed a significantly negative association between the ODK/ta/sound rate at baseline and the incidence of frailty. Articulatory oral motor skill was found to be a predictor of frailty after two years

Association between oral condition and subjective psychological well-being among older adults attending a university hospital dental clinic: A cross-sectional study

Positive psychological well-being has a favorable impact on survival rates in both healthy and unhealthy populations. Oral health is also associated with psychological well-being, is multidimensional in nature, and includes physical, psychological, emotional, and social domains that are integral to overall health and well-being. This study aimed to identify the associations between individual and environmental characteristics, oral condition and nutritional status in relation to subjective well-being among older adults using the Wilson and Cleary conceptual model. The participants were older adults (age >= 60 years) attending a university hospital. Subjective well-being was assessed using the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index, oral condition was assessed based on the number of bacteria in the tongue coating, oral wettability, tongue pressure, occlusal force, oral diadochokinesis, and masticatory ability, and subjective swallowing function was assessed using the Eating Assessment Tool, number of remaining teeth, and number of functional teeth. In addition, factors related to well-being, including social networks, life-space mobility, nutritional status, smoking history, drinking history, and medical history were assessed. In the analysis, structural equation modeling was used to investigate the association between oral condition and subjective well-being. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed oral condition as a latent variable, including tongue pressure, oral diadochokinesis /pa/, /ta/, /ka/, occlusal force, masticatory ability, subjective swallowing function, and number of functional teeth. Structural Equation Modeling revealed that oral condition was positively correlated with nutritional status, and nutritional status was positively correlated with the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index. These findings suggest that oral condition may influence subjective well-being via nutritional status or social environmental factors

New Method of Avoiding Underestimation of Caries Incidence and Its Association with Possible Risk Factors in Japanese University Students: A Prospective Cohort Study

The objective of this three-year prospective cohort study was to investigate the association between a new definition of an increase in dental caries and risk factors in Japanese young adults. Data of Okayama University students who volunteered to undergo oral examinations and answer questionnaires in 2015 and 2018 were analyzed. The status of filled teeth and the status of occlusal/proximal surfaces of filled or decayed teeth were recorded. An increase in dental caries was defined as a change in the status of filled teeth and/or an increase in dental caries of occlusal and proximal surfaces. A total of 393 participants (18.2 +/- 0.8 years) were analyzed. First and second molars showed a high prevalence of dental caries. Of the participants, 144 (36.6%) showed an increase in dental caries. In all the participants and in the females, the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) score and history of orthodontic treatment at baseline were significantly associated with an increase in dental caries (p = 2) at baseline were significantly associated with an increase in dental caries (p = 0.04). The DMFT score and history of orthodontic treatment at baseline can be risk factors for an increase in dental caries using the new definition in young adults

Association between the incidence of early childhood caries and attending childcare among toddlers in a rural area of Japan: a prospective cohort study

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the incidence of early childhood caries (ECC) and factors of the daytime childcare environment among toddlers in a rural area of Japan. Material and methods This was a prospective cohort study. Data collected from 2011 to 2015 were obtained for initially caries-free, 18-month-old toddlers (N = 640). Dentists recorded the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (caries incidence) of toddlers at baseline (age 18 months) and follow-up (age 3 years). In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted on guardians at baseline to record data on lifestyle. Results In total, 159 (24.8%) toddlers had newly identified ECC at follow-up. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the incidence of ECC was significantly associated with receiving daytime care at a nursery school (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–2.30; p = .029), prolonged breastfeeding (OR, 1.71; 95%CI, 1.15–2.55; p = .008), and snacking ≥3 times a day (OR, 2.39; 95%CI, 1.53–3.74; p  Conclusion These findings suggest that receiving daytime care at a nursery school, prolonged breastfeeding, and frequent snacking are associated with an increased risk of ECC among Japanese toddlers in rural areas

Levels of processing: the evolution of a framework

Although the levels of processing framework have evolved over its nearly 40 years of existence, the essence of the idea has not changed from the original. The original article published in 1972 suggests that in the encoding stage of a stimulus, there is a series of processing hierarchies ranging from the shallowest level (perceptual processing-the subject initially perceives the physical and sensory characteristics of the stimulus) to the deepest level (semantic processing-related to pattern recognition and extraction of meaning). The depth processing is associated with high levels of retention and long-term memory traces. After extensive research and criticism, the authors added several concepts that aided in a better understanding of levels of processing framework and the items that subjects can recall such as transfer-appropriate processing and robust encoding. However, there are still some gaps in this framework that call for new scientific investigations, ranging from experimental paradigms with lists of words with healthy or pathological conditions subject to neuroimaging studies to confirm, refute or improve the framework. The aim of this article is to review the publications (articles and book chapters) dating from the original article to the present day to better understand the mnemonic process in terms of levels of processing and to highlight some of its contributions.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Quasi-Randomized Trial of Effects of Perioperative Oral Hygiene Instruction on Inpatients with Heart Diseases Using a Behavioral Six-Step Method

The assessor-blinded, parallel-design, quasi-randomized study (alternating allocation) aimed to determine the effects of the six-step method on postoperative numbers of oral bacteria, periodontal status, and atrial fibrillation (AF) among inpatients with heart diseases and periodontitis. Seventy inpatients who received preoperative periodontal treatment were quasi-randomly assigned to intervention and control groups at University Hospital. The intervention group received intensive oral hygiene instruction using a six-step method for 15 minutes per week and the control group received routine oral hygiene instruction. Significantly fewer oral bacteria were identified on the tongue at discharge compared with baseline in the intervention than the control group (ANCOVA) (large effect size, p = 0.02). Changes in scores for self-efficacy, plaque scores, probed pocket depth, and bleeding on probing between baseline and discharge were significantly greater in the intervention, than in the control group (p < 0.05). The period of postoperative AF (days) was significantly shorter in the intervention, than in the control group (p = 0.019). In conclusion, oral hygiene instruction using the six-step method decreased the numbers of oral bacteria on the tongue and improved self-efficacy, oral health behaviors, oral hygiene status, periodontal status, and period of postoperative AF among inpatients with periodontitis and heart diseases

The impact of scientific dissemination in the perpetuation of neuromyths in education

Com o avanço das neurociências desde a década de 1990 - considerada a década do cérebro - informações sobre o cérebro e o comportamento têm sido alvo dos holofotes midiáticos, provavelmente em resposta ao interesse da população em geral no assunto. Dentre estas informações, há diversos neuromitos, ou seja, concepções erradas sobre o funcionamento cerebral e o comportamento. Os neuromitos são transmitidos e perpetuados em diversos fóruns, incluindo o campo educacional, o qual pode empregar conceitos equivocados com consequências potencialmente contraproducentes para a sociedade. No presente ensaio, apresentaremos inicialmente alguns exemplos de como informações que teoricamente são baseadas em neurociência - mas que na verdade não são - influenciam os programas que visam melhorar a educação. Por fim, discutiremos também o papel do jornalismo científico, dos neurocientistas e dos educadores no desenvolvimento de uma educação baseada em evidências científicas, concluindo que é necessária uma ampla comunicação entre as classes para que essa seja possívelSince the 1990s, considered the brain decade, there have been major breakthroughs in neuroscience, and information about neuroscience has been under the media spotlight, probably due to the interest from the general public on this subject. Among this information there are various neuromyths, which are misconceptions regarding scientific findings about brain functioning and behavior. These neuromyths are transmitted and perpetuated in various forums, such as in the educational field, which can use flawed concepts with potentially harmful consequences for society. In this paper we will initially present some examples of how information that is supposedly based on neuroscience findings - but that is actually not so - influences programs that aim to improve education. Our discussion will also tap on the role of science journalists, neuroscientists and educators in the development of evidence-based education, concluding that a better dialogue between these professionals is necessar