Determination of Rocks Elastic constants from Compressional and Shear Waves Velocities for Western Niger Delta, Nigeria.

The elastic properties of sedimentary rocks in the western Niger delta, Nigeria, have been computed for five oil exploratory wells. The elastic properties were obtained from the continuous borehole seismic (compressional and shear waves) velocities and density logs. The computed Lame\u2019s constants, \ub5 and \u3bb range from 0.02 x1010 to 1.0 x1010 Pa and 0.26 x1010 to 1.3 x1010 Pa respectively. The computed values of the Young\u2019s modulus, E, range between 0.56 x1010 and 2.53 x1010 Pa. The values of the bulk modulus, K, and compressibility, \u3b2, vary from 0.64 x1010 to 2.16 x1010 Pa and from 0.11 x 10-11 to 9.4 x10-11 Pa-1 respectively. The values of the bulk modulus are the largest for all the wells. The calculated values of the Poisson\u2019s ratio, \u3c3, are between 0.2 and 0.41. The computed values of the elastic properties show that the rocks encountered in the wells are soft and poorly sorted. This is a confirmation of the fact that the wells encountered two major formations (Benin and Agbada Formations). The Benin Formation is made up of sands with high porosity while the Agbada Formation is made up of alternations of sands and shale lithologies. @ JASE

Petrophysical Charaterization of the Kwale Field Reservoir Sands (OML 60) from Wire-line Logs, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Well log data from the deep parts of the six wells located in the Kwale field of the Niger delta basin (OML 60) were used in the determination of some Petrophysical characteristics of the reservoir sands. Well log data were obtained from sonic, gamma-ray, matrix density and resistivity logs. The petrophysical characteristics investigated were porosity, water saturation and permeability. The results of the analysis revealed the presence of twelve sand units. Correlation of these sand bodies indicate that the reservoirs consist of stacked barrier bar and point-bar sandstones. The thickness of each sand unit is highly variable, ranging between 5.0 and 95.0 m. Average shale-corrected porosities vary between 11.0 and 19.0 percent and generally decreasing with depth. The average water saturation of these units vary between 52.5 and 88.5 percent. These values are generally high for the sand units in wells 2, 5, 6 and 8. Similarly, the average permeability values vary between 3.2 and 28.0 mD. This study is a first attempt to make available Petrophysical data for the reservoir sands in the Kwale field of the Niger delta basin. The results of this study will also enhance the proper characterization of the reservoir sands. However, other sources of confirmative and collaborative investigations will therefore be essential and consequently will be the focus of another study @ JASE

Investigation of Corrosion of Buried Oil Pipeline by the Electrical Geophysical Methods

The delineation of possible areas of corrosion along an underground oil pipeline in Ubeji, Delta State, Nigeria was investigated using the horizontal electrical resistivity profiling technique and the Spontaneous Potential geophysical method. The resistivity and self potential values of the soil along the pipeline were obtained using the R-plus resistivity meter. The results show that areas of low resistivity, having values between 98.0 and 116.0 Ohm-m, coincide with areas of high negative spontaneous potential values, in the range -31.0 to -52 mV. The low apparent resistivity and high negative spontaneous potential values are indications that the soil is very corrosive and there is the possibility of the pipeline failure and oil spillage around these hot spots in the future. These methods applied in the study are quick, economic and efficient for detecting likely anodic hot spots along buried pipelines which need to be protected. Routine electrical geophysical investigations along buried oil pipelines should be undertaken for the early detection and prevention of pipeline failure with its attendant environmental, human and economic consequences. @ JASE

Estimation of the Heat Flow Variation in the Chad Basin Nigeria

Wireline logs from 14 oil wells from the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin were analyzed and interpreted to estimate the heat flow trend in the basin. Geothermal gradients were computed from corrected bottom hole temperatures while the bulk effective thermal conductivity for the different stratigraphic units encountered in the wells were computed from the sonic logs data. The heat flow values were then calculated. A corrected average geothermal gradient of 3.4 \ub0C/100 m and a regional range of 3.0 to 4.4 \ub0C/100 m were obtained. A porosity range of 2 to 79 % and average of 35 % were computed for Chad Basin Nigeria. Also the thermal conductivities vary from 1.70 and 3.11 Wm-1 \ub0C-1, with an average value of 2.35 Wm-1 \ub0C-1 computed for the various wells in the basin. A large variation in heat flow was recorded within the basin. Mean heat flow values computed for the basin vary from 63.6 to 105.6 mWm-2, with a simple average of 80.6 mWm-2. Although there is no distinct trend on heat flow within the basin, the computed heat flow values are relatively lower at the southwestern and northeastern axis of the basin. And the values obtained in this study compared favorably with those of other world sedimentary basins (including Niger Delta) that are of similar history with the Chad Basin, suggesting that the Nigerian Chad Basin is a possible petroliferous basin. @ JASE

Evaluation of the Hydrocarbon Maturity Level of Oil Well in Sedimentary Basin of the Northern Niger Delta, Nigeria

The hydrocarbon maturation level of Oben-1 well in the northern Niger Delta sedimentary basin was evaluated using the Lopatin "Time-Temperature Index (TTI). The result shows that sediments in the basin are both oil and gas producing with the oil window lying between the depths of 2.5 to 3.5km. Time of hydrocarbon generation varies from 36 Ma upwards. The hydrocarbon maturation level was estimated for seven horizons (A, B, C, D, E, F and G), and the results show that horizons A, B, C and D which are less than 36Ma are non oil and gas producing (i.e. TTI < 15) while horizons E, F and G which are more than 36Ma old are both oil and gas producing. This result is in agreement with the values of Vitrinite reflectance obtained for the well. This study shows that exploratory wells in the area should be extended beyond the depth of 3.5kilometres and that the hydrocarbon prospects of the northern Niger Delta is high. @ JASE

Citizenship of Love: The Politics, Ethics and Aesthetics of Sexual Citizenship in a Kenyan Gay Music Video

Against the background of the current politicisation of homosexuality and the policing of sexual citizenship in Kenya and other African countries, this article offers an analysis of the Kenyan gay music video Same Love, released by the band Art Attack in 2016. Employing the concept of acts of citizenship (Isin and Nielsen 2008), the article foregrounds the political, ethical and aesthetic aspects through which the lyrics and images of Same Love perform an act of sexual citizenship mediated through art. It argues that as an artistic intervention, the video interrogates popular narratives of homosexuality as un-Kenyan, un-African and un-Christian and creates a sense of a citizenship that is yet to come: a pan-African, Christian and queer citizenship of love. Thus, the article explores the new possibilities of cultural, sexual and religious citizenship created through popular culture and public space in contemporary Africa