Estimating An Optimal Backpropagation Algorithm for Training An ANN with the EGFR Exon 19 Nucleotide Sequence: An Electronic Diagnostic Basis for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC)

One of the most common forms of medical malpractices globally is an error in diagnosis. An improper diagnosis occurs when a doctor fails to identify a disease or report a disease when the patient is actually healthy. A disease that is commonly misdiagnosed is lung cancer. This cancer type is a major health problem internationally because it is responsible for 15% of all cancer diagnosis and 29% of all cancer deaths. The two major sub-types of lung cancer are; small cell lung cancer (about 13%) and non-small cell lung cancer (%SCLC- about 87%). The chance of surviving lung cancer depends on its correct diagnosis and/or the stage at the time it is diagnosed. However, recent studies have identified somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (%SCLC) tumors. These mutations occur in the tyrosine kinase domain of the gene. The most predominant of the mutations in all %SCLC patients examined is deletion mutation in exon 19 and it accounts for approximately 90% of the EGFR-activating mutations. This makes EGFR genomic sequence a good candidate for implementing an electronic diagnostic system for %SCLC. In this study aimed at estimating an optimum backpropagation training algorithm for a genomic based A%% system for %SCLC diagnosis, the nucleotide sequences of EGFR’s exon 19 of a noncancerous cell were used to train an artificial neural network (A%%). Several A%% back propagation training algorithms were tested in MATLAB R2008a to obtain an optimal algorithm for training the network. Of the nine different algorithms tested, we achieved the best performance (i.e. the least mean square error) with the minimum epoch (training iterations) and training time using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm

Management of Existing Capacity of Electric Power with Energy Saving Devices

The strategy of management of the existing capacity by proper illumination design and the use of energy saving devices in the residential sector is reported. Improper installation design and the use of all sorts of devices at homes has led to a lot of electrical energy wastages resulting in · the need to increase the ·generation capacity. The study revealed that annual energy of 551.88kWh .could be saved for a three - bedroom flat when energy saving fluorescent lamps were used. The corresponding naira savings was 2,207.52 per annum. In addition, the sizes of cable, fuses/circuit breakers required are reduced and hence reduction in the cost of installation. The paper advocates the need for proper design and installation of energy saving devices in homes. The paper wi II be of relevance to lighting installation designers, power systems engineers, power utility managers, and the general public

Optimal Operation Of Power Transformers In Power Systems In A Depressed Economy

Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in an electric power transmission and distribution system. It is very essential in ascertaining the reliability of any power utility. It is therefore critical therefore that the power transformer operates continuously in order to offer reli11ble and efficient electricity supply. Utilities arc therefore facing considerable concern to ensure their critical asset's reliability due to deregulation, increased demand, economic pressures, and profit constrains. Most of the power transformers develop faults and get critical over a period of time. This paper presents the major causes of power transformers' failure and maintenance strategy and optimization techniques presently being adopted in Abuja Distribution zone. The results of the study and analysis on 107 injection substations serving about 3876 distribution transformers show that the major contributing factors includes: earth 1:1ults and over currents. Useful recommendations based on new technologies are presented on how to ensure that power transformer would serve closer to its rated output and life without sacrificing its integrity. The paper will be of importance to power systems managers and operators for improving the reliability of transformers

A Probabilistic modeling of distribution equipment Deterioration; An application to transformer insulation.

In this paper, a probabilistic maintenance model relating probability of failure to maintenance activity had been developed for maintainable distribution components. This model incorporates various levels of insulation deterioration and minor maintenance state. It was applied to a distribution transformers ranging from 300 kVA to 15 MVA in Abule-Egba Business Unit network of Power Holding Company of Nigeria. The result obtained from the application study and model simulation verified the mathematical analysis of the developed model. Although this application illustrates the development of a probabilistic deterioration model for a distribution transformer, it can be applied to predict the performance of other distribution components in the electric power system network

Asset maintenance planning in electric power distribution network using statistical analysis of outage data

The problems faced by electric power utilities in developing countries today is that the power demand is increasing rapidly whereas the supply growth is constrained by aging generating and distributing assets, scarce resources for constructing new ones and other societal issues. This has resulted in the need for constructing new additional generating plants and a more economic ways of planning and maintaining existing Generating and Electric power distribution assets. System planning and maintenance that is based on reliability – centred asset management approach had been adopted in this paper. Maintenance of critical asset is an essential part of asset management in distribution network. In most Electric utilities, planning for maintenance constitutes an essential parts of asset management. In this paper, an enhanced RCM methodology that is based on a quantitative statistical analysis of outage data Performed at system/component level for overall system reliability was applied for the identification of distribution components critical to system reliability. The conclusion from this study shows that it is beneficial to base asset maintenance management decisions on processed, analyzed and tested outage data

A Markov model for estimating the remaining life of electrical insulation in distribution transformer

In this paper, a Markov maintenance model for predicting the rema1n1ng life of transformer insulation has been developed. It incorporates various stages of insulation deterioration and minor maintenance state. Given that a current state of insulation ageing has been reached, from a diagnostic testing and inspection, this model is capable of computing the predicted average time before insulation failure occurs. The algorithm developed in this model was implemented in a computer program using Matlab. The data required for this program and the numerical example based on the developed algorithm are also discusse

Varieties of neo-colonialism: government accounting reforms in Anglophone and Francophone Africa - Benin and Ghana compared

This study compares government accounting reforms in an Anglophone and a Francophone African country, namely Ghana and Benin, with respect to neo-colonialism. The data draws from interviews with local officials concerned with government accounting, documents and documentaries. The focus lay on the perceived effectiveness of reforms, and their formulation and implementation. In both countries their former colonial powers, Britain and France, still influence accounting through economic means (through monetary systems), international financial institutions, political advisors, Northern accounting associations and neo-patrimonialism. However, their use of these differs. While France structures her control mostly around the monetary system established during colonialism, Britain relies on its post-colonial infrastructure and accounting profession, and concedes much influence to the USA, essentially through international financial institutions. France exerts more direct control through advisors than Britain (with the USA). The French approach is conceptualized as coercive-neo-colonialism and the British as soft-neo-colonialism. Despite international financial institutions’ pervasive presence, they are not monolithic agents with a uniform role and influence in Ghana and Benin, and good governance aims to increase civil service capacity, financial transparency and accountability remain problematic

Comparison of cations (magnesium and calcium) concentration in caprine and porcine vitreous humour at post mortem intervals

Postmortem interval (PMI) is the time elapsed between death of a person and the time of autopsy. Chemical changes occur immediately or later after death, these changes occur in various body fluids including the vitreous humour of the eye. The Vitreous humor contains various measurable electrolytes and other entities and several studies have tried to establish the concentration of these electrolytes in the vitreous humour and the potential utility of these electrolytes in estimating the time of death. The purpose of this study was to determine, establish and compare the caprine and porcine vitreous humour concentration of magnesium and calcium at various post mortem intervals (0, 24, 48, 72hours). This research is a laboratory-based experimental study. 20 pairs of health caprine and porcine eyes each were gotten from freshly slaughtered pigs and goats from the abattoir at Aduwawa, Benin city, Edo State. Thereafter, the vitreous humor was carefully aspirated from the enucleated eyes and kept in sterile tubes and biochemically analyzed at different intervals (0hour, 24hours, 48hours and 72hours) respectively. The data obtained from the experiment was analyzed using One Way Analysis of Variance and Spearman Correlation as processed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. The results showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in the concentration of these cations between porcine and caprine vitreous humour at post mortem intervals. In conclusion, post mortem changes result in change in the vitreous concentration of magnesium and calcium in both porcine and caprine animals with the concentrations varying with increasing post mortem interval.Keywords: Post mortem interval, vitreous humor, magnesium, calcium, caprine and porcin